History of CNC machines Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

History of CNC machines - Literature review Example Nowadays CNCs offer the capacity to connect to the internet. Companies having multi operations are benefitted a lot from this so that they can transfer their programmes to other locations. Today’s CNCs provide a very high level of automation. Any skillful operator can use all the features to increase his/her own as well as company’s productivity. Their capacity to deliver extreme precision has given a great boost to innumerable new state-of-the-art technologies as a multiplier effect to produce thousands of products in the last 30-40 years. 1. Introduction: â€Å"The world CNC is an acronym for Computer(ized) Numerical(ly) Control(led) machines used for the manufacturing of simple or complex parts from metal, wood and other materials by using the programme known as G-code.† (CNC- Definition). It all began with the creation of the worlds first digital electronic computer in 1945 by Dr. John Mauchly and Dr.J. Presper at the University of Pennsylvania. The device was called an electrical numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC). It came into existence out of the need for faster scientific and engineers calculations required during World War II. It was not a programmable device but surely it was a first indication what the world is heading for in terms of computational and programming tools in later years. Before the advent of NC machines, operator had to manipulate the hand-wheels, levers, cams to make parts. This way the ability of the operator to make the parts with required narrow tolerance was limited. There were all possibilities of some variation resulting into variation of the axis dimensions resulting into poor fittings or wastages. The productivity of the worker was low so it was a dire need to operate the machine automatically. Earlier a series of cams were put to use to move the tools as an attempt to automate the process. Though they were tedious to set but once set it

Is it the End of the Nature Versus Nurture Debate Essay

Is it the End of the Nature Versus Nurture Debate - Essay Example As observed by France De Waal (1999), the contribution of nature has been enormous and may be justified by advancements in neural sciences. He concludes that the nature V nurture debate must be given new direction. Similarly, Eric Parens (1996) supported the view of remarkable role of behavioral genetics in human behavior and hence he favors the nature theory and seeks to continue the nature V nurture debate. However, Steven Pinker (2004) was of opinion that nature and nurture wont go away and he feels that there will be interaction among several factors of both environment and nature. In this context, all researchers have however agreed that the nature V nurture debate will have political and ideological implications and hence the discussion should be properly regulated. Though it is not proper to state that the nature V nurture debate should be completely abandoned, reorientation of the subject mater is highly needed. Initially support has come to Social Darwinism that is a doctrine based on genetic determinism and natural selection, advocating a laissez-faire capitalist economy and promoting eugenics, racism and the inherent inequality of such a society. Mendel’s laws of genetics and inheritance also supported the theory of nature for human behavior. After 1945, the debate swung in favor of "nurture", with American psychologists taking up a rhetoric of environmental influences on behavior, emphasizing the learning process. In turn, the European school of ethology arose in opposition to the environmentalists, focusing on innate behavior which is of genetic origin. In 1960s in the USA, views were highly favoring nurture theory as all people are capable of producing better performance if given conducive environmental conditions in which to rea ch their potential. Since beginning, psychology was focused as major subject for explaining the nurture theory for human