Whole Foods Market Business Analysis

Sales have doubled since then and 66% of the British adults now consume organic food and drinks. Their weakness Is the fact they haven't expanded Into the global market except for Canada and the ASK. There has also been several recalls on brands purchased by the company. The opportunities appear to be significant In this retail market. There Is an Increasing desire for organic, healthy products which bodes well for the success of opening new stores. The threat is competition as the demand grows and more stringent regulation. Rental increases is also a concern.In making a decision on whether to invest in Whole Foods Market, the welfare and needs of the internal and external stakeholders need to be considered. Growth depends on Bonds and Stockholders. The company must show consistent growth in order to be able to have available borrowing outlets. The employees are instrumental in keeping the customer feel wanted and satisfied with their shopping. The surrounding community wants to feel compatible with Whole Foods facilities, products and service. And the distributors supplying the company's product need to know there Is a commitment from their customers.Whole Foods Market is a unique, organic food and natural product supermarket chain located in the US, Canada and ASK. As a wholly owned subsidiary, they are headquartered in Austin, Texas and employ approximately 64,200 people: 13,300 are part-time and 2,700 temporary employees (Denominator, 2012, p. 4). They have an increase in revenue in 2011 from the previous year of 12. 2%, an increase of 25% in operating profit and net profit increase of 42%. (â€Å"Event Brief of IQ , 2012 Whole Foods Market Earnings†, 2012).These figures are significant in recognizing the company's success in recovering from the recession which hit them In 2008. Presently, the organic food market Is fragmented with many small mom and pops which presents many opportunities for growth by Whole Foods. Fred Meyer, a discount chain, carri es an Increasing array of organic foods, but not the quality and quantity of their high end competitor. The company's strength is in its focused growth plan. â€Å"The new store openings has enabled it to grow at a compounded and annual growth rate of 26% during 1991-2011†. Denominator, 2012, p. 6). They have formalized their square footage for new and renovated stores by past analysis of their successes and allures. The expansion into the I-J market, in particular the 2007 acquisition of 80,000 square feet in London could be a major step into a market outside of the US. Sales have doubled and 66% of the British public consumes organic food and drink. (Live Business News, 2012, p. 3) Their weaknesses lay in lack of expansion into international operations, product recall of certain brands, and increasing rental costs.Recalls are an issue. They have had to withdraw Whole Foods Market Dairy Free bakery products because it contained milk which was not on the label. Texas had to c all cheddar cheese products because of an e-coli contamination and there was a possible Salmonella contamination for the Whole Foods, Carob Energy Nuggets in 2009. They have not been able to successfully expand into markets other than a few stores in Canada and the I-J. They have not been able to obtain competitive prices from their distributors for these stores because of the low volume.Whole Foods also has a weak advertising budget and relies heavily on Internet and word of mouth, a disadvantage when their competitors advertising strategies are expanded into other markets. (Live Business News, 2012, p. 7) Leases for space and equipment have increased significantly from 4. 8 million in 2004 to 201 million in 2007. Future growth could be impacted. The increasing demand for organic foods and the new emerging life styles of the American public appear as great opportunities for Whole Foods Market. â€Å"According to industry estimates, the sales of organic food increased three fold si nce 2000 to exceed $28. Billion in 2010† (Denominator, 2012 p. 7) With this increase in sales, the company is still the only chain catering and available to this market. They are continually expanding their product base to include such foods for customers with facial dietary needs. The trend of the American family is moving towards eating at home and eating healthy. Competition in the food retailing market is intense. Currently, Whole Foods does not experience significant competition in the organic food, natural products, and vitamin supplement area. But, as the demand and desire grow, so will the competition.

Reactions to Imperialism in Asia

Japan's attitude toward foreign domination changed drastically over the years. Since the early 1 sass, during the reign of the Outage dynasty, the shogun made every effort possible to enforce a rigid Isolation policy. He closed all ports except for one to foreigners. Anyone who left the country or allowed foreigners in were sentenced to death. However, by the mid-asses,Japan began to reconsider their seclusion from the rest of the world. In 1850, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, accompanied by a small naval squadron of American merchants and diplomats.He wanted to work out a read agreement with the shogun. When he refused to accept Perry's terms the commodore left, only to return a year later with a much larger, highly Intimidating fleet of steamships. He gave the shogun two options: either the shogun could open up Japan to diplomatic and trade relations with the united States or Perry would attack. Knowing that they did not have the resources, technology, or military might to defend themselves against such an attack, they reluctantly agreed to accept the terms of the Treaty of Gangway. The treaty ultimately ended Japan's Isolation foreign policy.It opened up the entry to Western Influence and forced the Outage government Into accepting trade agreements that were not in their favor. The noblemen in Japan observed the shogun's inability to stand up to the West and that, combined with the unequal terms of the treaty, fueled a civil war. The noblemen believed they needed a more powerful government that would not allow Japan to be bullied by the West. In 1868, the dainty put aside their differences and came together to overthrow the Outage shogun and reestablished the Melee government. The Mel]l took an entirely different approach to Western domination.They were eager to modernize and they did so rapidly. Japanese officials traveled to the West to study their methods of industrialization, as well as their health, financial, and education systems. They set up a modern bank modeled after those in the United States and installed telegraph lines, as well as thousands of miles of railroad tracks. They also built up a military strong enough to rival those of the West. Their rapid and successful Industrialization made Japan power hungry and they began to set their sights on foreign lands that they could use for raw materials and a place to set up new markets. Thus began Japanese imperialism.As Japan's population increased, so did their need for raw materials and land. Their solution was found in Korea, who was currently under attack by China. Japan helped Korea win victory in the Sino-Japanese war, which allowed them to dominate Korea and forced China to cede Taiwan. This gave Japan access to the resources they desired and a place to sell their manufactured goods. Their success In the war fueled their appetite for more land and materials, so in 1904 they went to war with Russia. They came out victorious, gaining territory in the south of th e Sailing Island and southern Manchuria, and the Loading Peninsula.Their success in these wars only further increased their desire for Japanese domination and they began to set their sights on the rest of Southeast Asia. These events showed the rest of the world just how much Japan's response to foreign domination underwent perhaps the most drastic change than any other nation. It went from being completely cut off from the rest of the world, intolerable of foreign influence, and uninterested in Western technology to becoming a great imperialistic power in Just half a century. They would remain one of the major powers in the world until their defeat in World War II.

A League of Their Own

The film begins with the commencement of the second world war and female baseball players are drafted into the All American Girls Baseball League, in the attempt to save the sport. With the induction of this league, the girls obtained the chance to show how women deserve an equal chance in sports, an opportunity to show their hard work and perseverance, and free themselves from the clutches of lower class life through success in the sport. The value of family was portrayed throughout the film and became a top priority for some of the players. In achieving a spot on a team the girls also had to conform to the rules and requirements that the owners of the league were demanding. To give this league the popularity it needed, the girls needed to work hard to be the leagues top players in every team. They all acquired the chance to go to training camps and try out for teams that would be placed into the league. The amount of work they displayed to get placed on the team showed that they wanted to earn the respect of the country and show that women could do more than just care for kids or be in charge of the kitchen. They worked extremely hard to show that women could play the sport as easily as men could. For example, this hardworking value was best portrayed by Kit, one of the individuals who played for the league. She got her sister to play because that was the only way they would take her and she did not want to stay on a farm for the rest of her life. Her persistent attitude helped her reach her goal and she became one of the top players of her time just like her sister. The family values are expressed greatly throughout the film by all the characters, but particularly by Dotti. Many of the women on the team had spouses in the army or back home. Dotti was the protagonist who was a girl with beauty and love of the sport like no other girl. What was different about her, besides being extremely skillful in the sport and never having a bad game, was that in her mind she was only playing while her husband was in the war. She loved the game, but her husband and family were always more important for her. The conflict between winning and her sister’s loyalty ended with her realizing that being friends with her sister was far more important than winning or playing in a baseball league. The women dealt with external conformity within the league because of the rules and regulations that the owners had placed on apparel and style of play. The women were required to wear a skirt outfit and makeup while they were playing. They were all forced to take etiquette classes and learn how to act like â€Å"ladies†. The women were upset with this because they had joined the league to play the sport they loved not to go out on the field and model for the fans. This movie was used to display that women were not inferior to men and to show how the game of baseball was used as more than publicity. The hard work and perseverance gave women in the united states a sense of hope and desire to succeed in a male dominated world.

Product Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Product Pricing Strategy - Essay Example Hence, it is very important that the organization should know all their costs in developing the products and in their marketing & inventory holding. Once the internal thresholds are known there are multiple additional factors that drive pricing decisions from market perspective. Monroe and Bitta (1978. pp414) presented a consolidated view of multiple models of product pricing decision classified as - new product models, product line models, price change models and price structure models. The indicated their choice for market comparisons based pricing - like related products, volumes in demands, number of discounted units, price differential with competition, etc. These factors have been empirically accepted by product strategists in pricing their products. However, the author agrees with a new theory presented more recently in 2000 by Thakur and Nair et al. (2000. pp90-92) on product pricing stating that products should be priced based on consumer preferences and not by the actual pr ices or consumer budgets. They reiterated that the products should be offered with the characteristics preferred by customers kept above thresholds and priced based on maximum welfare model such that consumers having wide variations of income can afford the product. This is particularly prevalent in automobile and consumer durables markets. Armstrong (1996. pp51-52) argued that prices should be kept variable as per customer preferences such that premium customers buying larger quantities are offered lesser prices and standard customers buying lesser quantities are offered more prices. However, it is observed that when customer preferences are combined with inventory levels, companies tend to increase prices irrespective of whether the customers are premium or standard. There are some concerns in such models that the author presents in the next section. Ethical considerations and other concerns in product pricing Ethical considerations are specifically required to be considered in monopolistic product pricing when dynamic pricing is carried out with fluctuating demands combined with inventory levels. Elmaghraby and Keskinocak (2003. pp1288-1289) discussed that, empirically, dynamic pricing has been one of the best practices in products and services due to change in customer demands (like urgent deliveries needed) or change in inventory levels (less inventory of products in more demand). This strategy is largely prevalent in service industries - like Airlines, Hotels, Transportation, etc. From the ethical perspective, the author hereby argues that dynamic pricing should not be carried out for essential commodities like food, clothes, medicines, healthcare, hospital beds, etc. Some companies increase prices substantially as soon as they witness customer orders with urgency. There are theories in operations research to maximize profits by taking urgent supply orders from customers at premium pri ces (example, Levin & Ma. 2004. pp217). While it may be a good practice to service customers with urgent

Gas price Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gas price - Research Paper Example Introduction There has been a tremendous growth in the global trade in gas. In the past years, there was no advanced pipeline infrastructure. In this regard, gas trade only occurred regionally. However, due to the availability of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) transport capacity, international gas trade have become more popular (Siliverstovs et al, 1). Gas prices are of irrefutable significance to consumers and economies at the grassroots, state, and nationwide levels in the United States and overseas. Oil imports offer a noteworthy proportion of North America and Europe’s refined gas, nevertheless, the international oil market is disreputably unsteady, and can create unexpected â€Å"price spikes† or â€Å"price shocks† (Bomberg et al, 1). Thomas indicates that increases in the gas prices pose a great problem to the consumers in general as well as to the global market. In this regard, it can affect most individuals and families by increasing their budgets. In addit ion, the various aspects that lead to increases in gas prices may appear mysterious to many people (1). Determination of Gas Price The determination of gas prices varies according to various regions. For instance in Europe, the energy sectors set the prices of gas in a manner that prevents the consumers from diverting to the alternative fuel. They do this by setting the level of the price on a platform that places the two options on a complex price relation. The price for the gas manufacturers derives from the customer prices for the cheapest substitute fuel following the netback market value model. This means that the gas producers carry the burdens of the fluctuations in oil prices. These extended indentures comprise the prospect of price reconciliation to adjust to the oil price every three to six months (Siliverstovs et al, 3). Generally, lasting prices occur through a price band where manufacture and distribution cost delineate the floor, and substitute fuels in the power secto r the ceiling. If gas prices remain exterior to that band for a phase of some years, the effects will be either inadequate supply or sluggish market growth. Since different European nations and regions will have dissimilar gas delivery costs and diverse power generation options, price trends might fluctuate all through Europe (Stern, 31). Various economic aspects provide a strong correlation between oil and gas prices. Market behavior and changes in demand and supply assert that precedent changes in the oil price affected adjustments in the natural gas price (Villar & Joutz, 2). This correlation is evident since gas production occurs in relation to oil production, which depicts changes in oil prices pushes changes in gas prices. This correlation occurs in another level, which is through Gas to Oil projects. In this case, a gas producer may choose to either produce gas or convert the gas to liquid fuels, which might become transportation fuel (Stern, 24). Causes of Increasing Gas pri ce One of the major aspects that lead to increase in the prices of gas is the increase in crude oil prices accruing from augmented demand for crude oil. This causes augmented prices of natural gas manufacture and development, placing growing pressure on natural gas prices. The reason for this impact is that there is a competition between crude oil and gas operators for the same financial resources for instance drilling rigs and labor (4). A rise in oil price might cause higher levels of drilling or manufacture activities as

Management across Culture in China. China is home to the oldest and Essay

Management across Culture in China. China is home to the oldest and most continuous culture worldwide - Essay Example With globalization came international business people. What is always confusing with different cultures is, those values that may be acceptable in one culture may be counterproductive or even unacceptable in another. In Peoples Republic of China, people view managers differently (Branine, 2011:226). People expect managers in both private and foreign sectors to be entrepreneurial, fluent, pragmatic, and flexible in both their native culture and that of their foreign investors. It is common and believable to find â€Å"benevolent authoritarian† young managers in Chinese companies. Even though this sounds rampant even in other cultures, in China employees expect their managers to deploy leadership by living an exemplary life. This means those managers involved in company operations are hard working and earn their employees respect and compliance. Management characteristics within Chinese culture are rapidly changing especially in the private sector. Traditionally, loyalty remaine d within families or groups however, this is transforming drastically. Mobility of labor is increasing dramatically especially within the foreign firms. Presently, once an employee gains some experience in a particular field, his or her employment options open up widely especially in the large coastal cities of Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing. This shows that loyalty in Chinese culture regarding employment is vividly losing magnitude and at the same time, they are replacing it with experience and labor mobility (Branine, 2011:227). Roles of managers differ coherently with place and culture. With this respect, the role of a manager in China entail that, a successful cross-cultural manager in this country has to be aware that every individual in the organization has a very distinct role to play hence maintaining that role helps in keeping order. Managers may carry out their duties in their respective manner and even function autocratically. In some cases, they might use an intermedia ry to solve problems with their staff or do it privately (Branine, 2011:247). Due to cultural aspects like these, management across such culture is hectic and requires tolerance and perseverance. Nevertheless, China’s cultural adaptability is improving rapidly in spite of her traditional medium of cultural tolerance because of the increasing demand for global marketplace. A manager should receive and address any ideas raised by an employee in order to avoid exposure (Branine, 2011:264). This shows that Chinese culture is gently incorporating approaches brought in by change. In addition, since approach to time and priorities is moderate and typical in Chinese culture, there may be some flexibility towards strict adherence to schedules and deadlines. Nonetheless, the expectations regarding global trade and intercultural expansion are causing Chinese to adopt stringent principles of adhering to schedules. The process of decision making in Chinese organizations is bureaucratic. E ven though China is changing, the engrained bureaucracy within government offices and in the most entrepreneurial companies is still evident. Different departments apt to work separately and quite independently and only share specified and selected information (Branine, 2011:269). This shows that, rivalry often exist amongst these departments under the same company. These cultural

Testing the Stability of Okuns Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Testing the Stability of Okuns Law - Term Paper Example However, this inverse relationship was not replicated in the year that followed. In other words, while average growth in real Gross Domestic Product slowed down in the year that followed, the downward trend in the unemployment rate continued. Many economists could easily view this situation as an anomaly. Given the importance of economic growth and job creation to both policy makers and the citizenry, it is important to study the relationship between the two in order to ensure a more effective and efficient decision-making. Okun (1962) made the first attempt to study this relationship and he found that real GDP and unemployment are inversely related to each other and this has come to be known as the Okun’s Law. More specifically, a 2% rise in output is associated with a 1% decline in the unemployment rate. In another version, a 3% rise in the Gross National Product is associated with a 1% decline in the unemployment rate. While the relationship determined by Okun appears to have some empirical deficiencies, it, nonetheless, serves as a guide to policymakers in making crucial economic decisions. This paper seeks to determine whether or not there is some variability in the relationship between changes in real GDP growth rate and changes in the unemployment rate over an extended period. It is done by means of a recursive Ordinary Least Squares or rolling regression techniques.

Since the title is too long I will put it into instructions field as a Essay

Since the title is too long I will put it into instructions field as a file - Essay Example pecific aspects of the ECHR which have been violated in the case of her son Abel such that an application may be prepared by her, in order to petition for a court hearing before the European Council. Amy Hart is entitled to apply for such a hearing based on the following: â€Å"Article 34 – Individual applications: The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organization or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the protocols thereto. The High Contracting Parties undertake not to hinder in any way the effective exercise of this right†(ECHR, 2007). For thousands of years, kingdoms and governments all over the world, have been involved in information extraction techniques that have served only to degrade, humiliate, harm or kill human beings. As medical knowledge and our understanding of the human body has advanced, so has the human propensity to abuse that knowledge. In an age of heightened terrorism awareness, countries in almost every part of the globe have found themselves the focus of news broadcasts exposing detailed reports and photographs of human degradation in the name of anti-terrorism. The problem of terrorism has single handedly given rise to an equally malignant problem and that is the moral decay of democracies and dictatorships alike to the point of justifying the most heinous of human degradation and humiliation. While admittedly, terrorism is itself a monumental problem on a global scale at this point in time, it is also important to realize that tactics which violate human rights such as acts of torture and a bandon of due process only add to the overall problem at hand. The following is an accurate definition as recognized by international law, on what classifies as terrorism: â€Å"Efforts in the United Nations to achieve by consensus a comprehensive definition of terrorism have been pursued since 1996. (2)

Corporate Governance Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Governance Coursework - Essay Example This creates a situation where, the CEOs are tasked with decision management while the board of directors charged with decision control on behalf of a public corporation’s shareholders. This means that the public shareholders do not engage directly in running the affairs of their Company. As such, effective corporate governance is necessary to ensure that those charged with running a public corporation engage in good practices (Shleifer & Robert 1997, p.743). Most public corporations tend to experience an incentive problem. Accordingly, those tasked with the management of the public corporation are not the owners (shareholders) or stakeholders who have an interest in the success of a public corporation. For example, the top managers (CEO) are a paid professional and may have their self-interests. As such, solving the problem where senior managers make decisions that are guided by personal interests and not the shareholders, require a system of checks and balances (Shleifer & R obert 1997, p.751). The governance systems in an organization may include the board of directors, whose purpose involves, for instance, hiring of the management. In addition, hiring the services of an external auditor is also necessary to check regularly on the accuracy of financial statements in an organization. Further, other constituents, for example, the media and regulators have an important role to play in terms of enhancing corporate governance in larger organizations that serves the risk bearing constituents (Harris & Ravis 2010, p.4118). Where the CEO and the board of directors work on behalf of the public shareholders, good corporate governance is critical. In this sense, the institutional systems and measures of enhancing accountability and proper ethics are necessary for efficient management of large organizations (Harris & Ravis 2010, p.4121). This paper explores

FAR Small-Business Preference Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FAR Small-Business Preference - Research Paper Example These programs are specifically designed to help the veteran owned as well as service disabled veteran owned small business to gain from the federal contracts The congress has established key legislations that outline the important programs to assist service veterans in federal contract markets. The first legislation to be passed by the congress was done in the year 1999 (McFetridge, 2012). The veteran entrepreneurship and small business development act would assist me as a veteran by giving me an edge in securing annual government –wide procurement. This law stipulates that approximately three percent of the government procurement contracts would be awarded to service disabled veteran owned small businesses (Calibre Systems, 2013). This includes the total annual value of all subcontract and prime awards thus I stand a higher chance of getting contracts. This is because am shielded from competition from other multinational organizations and companies thus I compete only with my fellow service disabled veterans for the three percent allocations who are also small business owners. The public law 109-461 outlines the veterans’ first contracting program and applies to VA acquisitions. This law permits the department of veteran Affairs to sole source and restricted set-aside to both VOSBs and SDVOSBs. This law also establishes contracting goals that are unique to veteran affairs. This provides for 10% and 7% target for SDVOB and veteran owned businesses respectively (Calibre Systems, 2013). However, this law also provides for the verification of the status of veterans to be done by the department of veteran affairs. This makes the key element differentiating this program from SDVOSB procurement program. In this regard, the status of the veterans cannot be self represented but must be verified by the department of veteran

Ethics and Governance Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Governance Essay With reference to the Oxford English Dictionary (2012), ethics is described as the science of morals. It is also the agency of study with regards to the values of moral obligations of what is right or wrong. It also covers human behaviour. A company makes many decisions in a course of one day. It may include, launching new products, doing Public Relations, making sales, rewriting company policies and the recruitment or retrenchment of people, just to name a few. All business aims to do so ethically. To conduct business ethically, a business must first commit to adhering to laws and regulation (Timms, 2009). These are clearly defined, as they are in black and white. However, once the definition of what is ethical becomes contested, ethical dilemmas will arise. An ethical dilemma occurs when there is a situation which all alternate choices and behaviours have been deemed undesirable, and that there may be potential ethical consequences when one is unable to identify the right from the wrong. An example of an ethical dilemma is of follows, where one faces a conflict between his ethical code and his business aims. Cadbury, the chocolate producer, was offered a contract by Queen Victoria to send decorative tins of chocolates to every single one of her soldiers in the Anglo-Boer war in South Africa (Andrews, 1989). However, since he was against the war, which resulted in him deciding to resolve this conflict by completing the order without profit. According to Sir Adrian Cadbury (1987), his grandfather â€Å"made no profit out of what he saw as an unjust war. The additional work benefitted his employees, the royal presents consisting of tins of chocolates were sent to the soldiers, and it was a win-win situation. In a business, there are 3 levels of ethics: the ethics of the governing body, workplace ethics and individual ethics (Trevina Nelson, 2011). A governing body usually is made up of a board of directors, whose aim in the company is to make good corporate practices easier and more available for employees. They too must drive and motivate employees to strive for good performance, conformance and results. Workplace ethics are important, as it ensures a conducive and supportive environment to work in. There must be equal treatment among and within subgroups, open communication between levels, and information must be transparent and readily available. Individual ethics is affected by four complementary elements. Individuals must be able to identify ethical issues; recognise the values and priorities through their grasping of principles, rules, norms and theories; developing their individual sets of reasoning and perception; and improving the strength of one to act upon such decisions (Trevina Nelson, 2011). Before a difficult decision is made, the shareholder or the manager has to think a problem though. One way to do so is using Kidder’s Ethical Checkpoints (2006). He has 9 checkpoints which he feels will lead to an ethical decision being made. First, the manager needs to recognise that there is a moral issue. After determining the actor, he has to gather the relevant facts. Next, he tests for right-versus-wrong issues as well as paradigms. After applying resolution principles, he has to look for a third way before making the decision. After the decision is made, he has to revisit and reflect on the decision. After much research, I feel that Utilitarian approach is the most useful in guiding company decisions. I will explain why below. A decision is only ethical, according to the utilitarian principle, if it has the greatest net utility as compared to any other alternatives. As a decision maker, he must evaluate and weigh every option present to him. He must determine if there any positive or negative utilities arising from the option, before selecting the option that has the greatest net utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). It is very similar to the cost-benefit analysis used by stakeholders to consider the costs and benefits of a potential business decision. According to someone applying the utilitarian principle, a decision is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility and benefits the most people. An example of the utilitarian approach is when, during office hours, a company monitors their employee’s habits like tobacco consumption, as one man’s actions can affect the entire workplace. A prominent example is in Singapore, where there is the Smoking (Prohibition in Certain Places) Act. This act aims to protect the public from the hazardous effects of second-hand smoke. (Smoking Prohibitions, 2012) By making sure that employees do not smoke around the office, there would potentially be less health problems, so lesser sick employees which mean improved productivity and greater yields. There are two types of utilitarianism, act and rule. Act utilitarianism targets problems in the short run while rule utilitarianism targets problems in the long run. While act utilitarianism looks at the total aftermath of a single act, rule utilitarianism looks at the repercussion over a series of acts (Fuitzsche, 2005). For example, bribing is frowned upon. An example of bribing occurred in NES China in 1998. NES’s government affairs co-ordinator proposed giving gifts to government officials to establish a working relationship to help get its application approved. The other members were horrified, as this was considered bribery and a criminal offence in their country (Joerg Xin, 2009). Under act utilitarianism, if bribing means that the company will get the business contract, thus allowing the employees to keep their jobs, it is ethical. However, under rule utilitarianism, this is not the case. Bribing, thou it will work in the short run by generating business, however, in the long run, potential customers will question if you got the job through bribing or because of your superior products you are selling. Therefore bribing does not provide the greatest utility (Fuitzsche, 2005). However, the utilitarian approach does have several limitations. Therefore other ethical theories have to be used together with the utilitarian approach in making company decisions. Firstly, there will be some people who will be at a disadvantage. A decision, according to the utilitarian principle, is only ethical if it has the greatest net utility. However, increasing net utility sometimes causes serious issues and affects people negatively. One notable historic example was the construction of the Great Wall of China (Construction of the Great Wall of China, 2006). Three hundred thousand prisoners and peasants were reportedly conscripted to help construct the great wall. It is said that ‘for every block laid down, one labourer lost his life.’ In terms of utilitarianism, a significant positive net utility was creates, as the great wall restricted the nomads and protected China. The Chinese citizens were safe for many years to come, at the expense of these three hundred thousand prisoners. Secondly, it is challenging estimating the results or effects of a business decision made. Also, a unit of currency gives more benefits to a poor person than to a rich person (Fuitzsche, 2005). In April 2012, all national servicemen in Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore Civil Defence Force and Singapore Police Force received a $60 p ay raise (Chua, 2012). A Recruit, who once earned $420, now earns $480, while a Lieutenant, who once earned $1120, now earns $1180. This increment would mean more to a recruit, who had a 12% pay increment, as compared to the Lieutenant, who had a 5% pay increment. It shows that it provides more utility to the poorer recruit. Therefore calculating if a decision maximises utility is difficult. Thirdly, not only are the consequences of a decision made hard to foresee, some decisions have consequences which are not easily or unable to be measured. In August, Apple manufacturer Foxconn improved on the working condition of its factory in China, such as introducing more breaks, lowering overtime, doubling wages and having better maintenance of safety equipment. (Rushe, 2012) Louis Woo, special assistant to the chief executive of Foxconn also released a statement, lamenting that reduction of overtime meant that they ‘needed to hire more people and implement more automation, more investment on robotic enginee ring’ (Yip, 2012). These costs to the company are easy to determine. However, the gains in utility from these implementations are difficult to tell. Would productivity increase? Will employees be more loyal? Will turnover rate be significantly lesser? Consequences like these are hard to measure. Lastly, utility gained from these business transactions mean different things to different people (Fuitzsche, 2005). Some managers gain utility from maximising their employee’s happiness. Some managers calculate utility as one which will increase their material wealth. Below I will compare utilitarian ethical theory with egoism and moral rights approach, to show that while utilitarianism has it flaws, it is still the more useful ethical theory. The utilitarian and egoism ethical theories are rather similar. Decisions made using egoism ethical theory will often provide the most favourable outcome to oneself, no matter how others around are affected (Fuitzsche, 2005). The other parties may not be harmed or disadvantages, but to the decision maker, it is of no concern. The decision maker using egoism thinks about how the proposition would involve him (Collins, 2009). If the proposition adds onto his interest, it is right. If it does not, it is wrong. However, the decision maker using utilitarianism thinks about how the preposition involves everyone affected by it. If the preposition done is advantageous to the most number of people, it is right. If it is harmful to the most number, it is wrong. Egoism is very similar to the philosophy of Adam Smith (1790). Egoism according to Smith is an excellent market allocating tool, which benefits society if one cares for their interests in the long run. Egoism usually views things in the short run, which is similar to act utilitarianism, which evaluates what happens in that one incident. However, while utilitarian considerers the total positive net utility, egoism only considers the decision maker’s se lf-interest. Thus decisions made using egoism would be deemed as unethical. The rights a principle gives you assured moral or human rights because you are a human being. The moral rights approach stresses that human beings have essential rights and power of choice that cannot be taken away by an individual’s action. Gerald Cavanagh (1990) explains six rights that he affirms are basic to business work. They include life safety, honesty, privacy, freedom of conscience, freedom of speech and lastly private property. One example is regarding Firestone and their tires. In America, 1978, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) began investigating the relation between Firestone’s Wilderness AT tires on Ford’s explore sport utility vehicle. The problem of Firestone’s tire separation was known internally at Firestone and by the automobile manufacturers; however, instead of recalling the tires, they kept it in the market, resulting in 150 preventable deaths and 500 injuries (Henn, 2009). As facts leaked out that were damaging to both companies, they became more aggressive in its defence. Firestone appeared to have violated several human rights. The firm knew that the tyres would create a hazard to humans. And by refusing to recall its products, it violated the right to truthfulness when the truth was extremely important. Even after the whole incident was resolved, public trust in Ford wavered. According to Henn (2009), a position of trust with the public that took many years and millions of dollars to build was severely damaged. According to the utilitarianism theory, an ethical decision is one that produces the most amounts of advantages to the majority of people (Trevina Nelson, 2011). However, according to the moral rights approach, an ethical decision is one that does not breach on the rights of another. The utilitarian approach is best for countries with high collectivism while moral rights approach is best for countries with high individualism. According to Hofstede (2007), most Asian countries scored below average on Individualism. Singapore is no different, so the utilitarian approach is more applicable in companies here. According to Johnson (2007), there is the five ‘I’ format with regards to making decisions. A problem must first be ‘identified’, before it can be ‘investigated’. Next, one has to be ‘innovative’ in coming out with many solutions. After this, a solution has to be ‘isolated’ and then ‘implemented’. Making an ethical decision is easier when one applies an ethical theory. A decision made using the utilitarian theory is ethical if it provides the greatest net utility, and produces the greatest benefit for the largest amount of people. Rules developed under utilitarianism can become a moral code to be used throughout the company. Thou it has its limitations, as it is difficult to measure utility, or figure out the consequences of a decision, and that it might not benefit everyone, but it is still better as compared to egoism or moral rights approach. Utilitarian is the most useful theory in guiding company decisions, and when used together with moral rights and egoism, it shows what it means to be ethical.

Violence Against Women In India Essay Example for Free

Violence Against Women In India Essay On December 16, a 23 year-old woman in Delhi, was gang-raped and almost left for death by six men in a moving bus. More shocking this was the 636th rape in Delhi in 2012, according to the â€Å"reported† figures available with the National Crime Records Bureau. In Bangalore, two days after the Delhi rape, a girl was pulled into a shop in her own neighbourhood and raped by the owner, while his friends kept watch. India was never very safe for women, but of late there seems to be a flagrant disrespect that is governed neither by societal nor legal norms. It seems to be simply up to the men to perpetrate violence and for women to safeguard themselves as best as they can. The police are too biased to be effective. Tehelka magazine’s sting operation in April on senior police officials in Delhi-NCR, revealed that more than half chose to blame rape victims. ‘Unless a woman is fully covered from head to toe at all times, she wants men to rape her’, declared Arjun Singh, SHO of Surajpur Police Station. With such attitudes, it is not surprising that victims are reluctant to enter our police stations and that most attacks go unreported. Technology also assaults our senses every hour. Mobiles share salacious details while TV stations broadcast them like prime time entertainment, instead of using the space to condemn or discuss such matters seriously, thus becoming active participants in gender injustice. Social divides These crimes against women are part of a wider change where reactionary forces are becoming dominant. Globalization seems to have narrowed the space available for women even further by creating economic and social divides that provoke a conservative backlash from those who feel left out. According to eminent Kannada writer Vaidehi, violence against women is as old as the Mahabharata. But the rapid changes in our society seem to be escalating the scale of this violence. Says William Dalrymple in the introduction to his fascinating book, Nine Lives, â€Å"The speed of development is breathtaking: the sort of construction that would take 25 years in Britain, comes up here in five months. So extraordinary is all this that it is easy to overlook the fragility and unevenness of the boom. Within twenty minutes of leaving the Gurgaon headquarters of Microsoft or Google Asia, cars and trucks are beginning to give way to camel and bullock carts. This is a very different India indeed.† And it is this different India – whether in Karnataka or Maharashtra or Haryana that the new India needs to comprehend rather than ignore. Sharat Chandra Srivastava, violinist who performed at the GirlCott show, feels the mutual mistrust comes from the replacing of community norms by a highly individualised society. Agrees Sufi musician Rabbi Shergill, â€Å"I wish there were more neutral cultural spaces where the two (worlds) could’ve interacted a little more naturally. Gurgaon had a functioning society before we got there. The malls, pubs, multiplexes just seemed to look down on it; it seemed to grudge people their draw in the great lottery of life. You don’t just barge into someone’s house and act all loud. I’d like to see the discourse move to the countryside where the eve-teasers come from and start a genuine dialogue. â€Å"What do you dislike about us?† But before dialogue can emerge, basic safety needs to be in place, with secure public transport, and open, well-lit public spaces. Gurgaon shows a horrific crime graph and its Mahatma Gandhi Road, connecting the many malls and swanky housing estates, is now called the Rape Mile. Women returning from work carry pepper spray; the streets are dimly lit and deserted by evening. Only 3,286 cops cover the vast urban sprawl. And nobody takes responsibility when anything goes wrong. Says Richa Dubey, who initiated the successful Gurgaon GirlCott campaign in April, â€Å"We are trying to get back a sense of collective responsibility. This is where we live and work, we all need to work to make it safe.† The GirlCott, provoked by the kidnapping of a Sahara Mall employee on her way home, decided to hit the commercial complexes where it hurt by a â€Å"no safety, no money† shopping boycott, and firmly put the spotlight on how the urban dream of Gurgaon had turned into a nightmare for its working professionals. A host of citizens and organisations including Whypoll (maps unsafe places), Breakthrough (Bell Bajao), Indian Institute for Human Settlements, and Jagori, came together at GirlCott and are now working on a long-term plan for safety. As the Citizens Collective Against Sexual Assault says, Women have a right to be safe – In homes, on streets, in buses and in workplaces.

Bioanalytical Technique Practical

Bioanalytical Technique Practical Introduction Improvement in technology has widened the domain of bioanalytics, reliable and reproducible data can be obtained from several instruments and protocols. The drug arena has become really competitive and it is thus imperative that an understanding of the different techniques is crucial to the isolation and analysis of biomolecules. This report is focused on the BCA assay for protein estimation and data analysis of SEC using a UPLC system. The BCA assay is a modified assay that is used for the detection and quantification of total protein in a given sample. The assay generates a purple colour which is as a result of the chelation reaction of bicinchoninic acid with cuprous ions. The complex formed as a result of the reaction is known to exhibit a very strong absorbance at a wavelength of 562nm and this shows an increasing linearity with the amount of protein in a given sample. Two main components make up the assay; the standard curve and the unknown protein sample. The BCA assay is widely used because of its sensitivity and compatibility with detergents and several other buffer types. The drawback however with the assay is that it is not as rapid as some other estimation method such as the Bradford due the incubation time required and moreover it is not an endpoint reaction as colour continues to develop even af ter incubation. The second part of this report is concerned with running a system suitability test on the waters BEH200 SEC UPLC instrument. The American and European Pharmacopeia specifically mentioned that the requirements for a system suitability testing on the day of analysis showing that it is fit for its intended use. It is worth mentioning that this has no bearing with the qualification of the instrument. Failure of any of the parameters simply means that an assay cannot commence. This testing is concerned more about the method on the day of analysis rather than the instrument per se. 1.1 Materials: Pipettes and appropriate tips Microcentrifuge tubes Microwell Plates HPLC Vials Bovine Serum Albumin Protein 2mg/ml BCA Reagent Deionised Water Perkin Elmer Plate Reader 100Mm sodium Phosphate Buffer Waters Aquity H Class Bio UPLC instrument Waters BEH200 SEC UPLC Column 1.2 Preparation of Standards: Standards were prepared as per instruction manual Table 1: Preparation of Protein Standards Calculations: Dilution factor = concentration of stock solution / concentration of diluted solution Volume of stock to add to water = Required volume of diluted solution/ Dilution factor Volume of water to add = required final volume / Volume of stock required 1.3 Preparation of Sample: The sample was prepared as per the instructions on the practical manual. Table 2: Test Sample Dilution 1.4 Preparation of BCA Reagent and Well: The BCA reagent was prepared and the 96 –well microplate was prepared and read in the [emailprotected] 562nm as per the instruction manual. 1.5 Data Analysis: Calculation: Equation of the linear least square fit can be represented as outlined below. Y = 0.0008 (X) – 0.0051 0.035691= 0.0008 (X) – 0.0051 X = 0.035691 + 0.0051/0.0008 X = 0.040791/0.0008 X = 50.98875 Taking the dilution factor into account we multiply by 5 The protein concentration is thus 50.98875 x 5 = 254.94mg/ml Discussion: The sample data had an anomaly, showing a negative reading on the third well. This is suggestive of contamination. The possibility of interference from the reagent can be ruled out because the standard was treated the same way and also taking into cognisance the fact that the experiment was not carried out under a non-denaturing condition. The likely cause could be due to dirt on the Microwell thus blocking out the necessary wavelength for the absorbance reading or the sampling pipette not delivering the right amount of reagent. The intensity of the colour change for the third well was observed to be less than the other two wells. There is also the possibility of the sample not being vortexed properly or sample settling to the bottom of tube. As mentioned earlier there seem to be an anomaly with our absorbance reading and this can be validated from our standard curve as it is not quite linear and on this basis we cannot absolutely rely on the result of the experiment. 2.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography Experiment The priming and purging of the UPLC instrument was carried out by the trainer as per the instruction manual. System suitability testing was then carried out to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The test serves to assure the reproducibility of the instrument and the method. It is a regulatory requirement which was mentioned in both the EU and US pharmacopoeias. The testing is important as it can allow for critical factors that could affect the performance of the instrument to be adjusted to meet the test criteria. Parameters such as the resolution, efficiency of the column, tailing factors, relative standard deviation etc. are used as criteria for comparison with regards to standards and test samples. The table below details the results obtained from the system suitability testing, reference standard and our test sample. The UPLC system used in our experiment can be said to be fit for purpose taking into consideration, the system suitability test. The results obtained were within our test criteria. The resolution of the peak and standard deviation of the different retention time was less than 1 which as a rule of the thumb is quite acceptable. Comparing the test sample to the reference standard one would not fail to notice that the first peak in the reference standard was a dimer while the second peak was a monomer but in our test sample the retention time of the first peak was really short showing evidence of a high molecular weight aggregation .Also from our result the second peak was our product dimer while the third peak was our product monomer. This result serves to highlight the mechanism of protein aggregation and the reason why it should be minimised as it impacts on the yield of the product and moreover it can affect the potency and therapeutic potential of the parenteral. It is also worth mentioning that sometimes early elution may not necessarily mean that there is aggregation, it could be for the simple reason that sometimes intrinsically unstructured proteins can elute so fast that they tend to behave like aggregates. A molecular weight comparison testing can be used to differentiate them. From our experiment the test sample showed increase aggregation and this can be explained given the fact that the experiment was not carried out under a non-denaturing environment. The possibility of column contamination or buffer contamination can help to encourage aggregation. It is also important that samples should be free of extraneous particles during injection as this can also be a determining factor. The changing environment of the mobile phase can also be construed as a possible cause of the aggregation observed. The temperature of the instrument is another factor that can play a role and as we all know that the Arrhenius theory of a 10Â °C increase in temperature speeding up a reaction does not relate to proteins as it rather opens up the pathway of denaturation and aggregation. Questions: Estimation of protein concentration is important as we have to know the amount of protein in our final product after fermentation to know if the bioprocess has to be optimised with regards to the expected titre value. The concentration of the protein can also allow for the portioning of the product into the right dosage formulation, certain therapeutic proteins are required in a very high dosage form and their production can be sometimes targeted at a particular section of the population e.g. during an epidemic outbreak to ensure potency and biological activity. The knowledge of the concentration of proteins can also allow us to work out the economy of scale with regards to the profit margin taking into account, the expense incurred in research and development and other aspect of the production process. It is also important to estimate the amount of protein in our biomass so as to be able to optimise our subsequent purification steps. The estimation of the protein concentration can a lso give us an idea of product related impurities and those associated with the process. Proteins are very complex molecules and are prone to several types of condition than cause instability from the starting stage of production to the end of their shelf life. Aggregation can be described in a layman’s term as the propensity for proteins to stick together under conditions such as a slight increase in temperature, pH, shear force, ionic strength of the solution they are contained in etc. Aggregation have been seen to cause delay in several novel biologics due to the debilitating effect on the health of the population that the drug is directed at and also in the context of compliance to regulatory authority as there is a specification to the amount of aggregates that can be allowed. It is extremely difficult if not impossible to totally eradicate aggregation from the process. It is worth mentioning however that the mechanism of aggregation is still subject to debate as it has not been fully understood. Aggregation can be reversible or irreversible depending on the stage it has attained as can be loss of primary structure. The potency of biologics as we all know are normally related to them being in their native structure, in most instances aggregation leads to the loss of activity and moreover the overall yield of the biotherapeutic is greatly affected. Aggregation has also been known to spur immune response in patients that have been administered with protein therapeutics affected by aggregation this could be by way of the neutralisation of antibodies that helps to ensure the effectiveness of the drug. In a worst case scenario the immunogenic reaction can lead to incurable conditions such as seen in patients with pure red cell aplasia where the red blood cells are attacked and blood transfusion is needed for life. The route of administration of biologics is intravenous and the presence of aggregation especially those of very high molecular size can result in the blockage of blood vessels. It is thus very important that at each stage of our production testing should be carried out to check for aggrega tion. Size exclusion chromatography is a purification system that exploits the molecular size of the compound of interest. Simply put it works just like a molecular sieve, smaller particles passes through the sieve which is the stationary phase and could be a bead coupled to a resin. The pore size of the beads are defined and on this basis it will only allow certain particle sizes to pass through while excluding those that are too large for the pore. The larger particles because they are not passing through the beads are thus excluded quickly, their retention time is thus said to be short. The smaller particles are retained longer while the larger particles earlier mentioned are eluted through the void volume. Different gels in use would typically have different pore sizes and can be used to determine the size of the molecules to be separated. Despite all the numerous advantages of size exclusion chromatography which has made it the gold standard over the years for analysing protein aggregation there are still some limitation associated this method. The possibility of the stationary phase and the analyte reacting together can be sometimes rife thus leading to a longer retention time which serves to mimic the compound as being of low molecular size. The cost associated with running this type of separation technique can also be enormous due to the fact that large columns and eluents are required and this serves to add to the overall cost of the unit operation. In comparison to other modes of separation, size exclusion chromatography can be said to have an inherent low resolution as there is a limited range of molecular weight that can be separated as a result of dependence on the pore size of the beads in use. There is also the possibility of proteolytic degradation as the protein of interest can become targets for proteolyt ic enzymes still present in solution. The accuracy of this technique can sometimes come into question due to the fact some aggregates will remain in solution and as such would not be detected. Also taking into consideration the fact that larger molecular aggregate leaves the column through the void volume, there is also the possibility. The possibility of the polymer in use to degrade is also a drawback as this can occur at a very high flow rate. The high flow rate as mentioned earlier can degrade the polymer and it also has the ability of altering the geometry of the beads in use making the separation technique inefficient

Essay examples --

Soalan 2 HBLS3203 ASAS ELEKTRIK DAN ELEKTRONIK KERTAS PENERANGAN TRANSISTOR TAJUK : TRANSISTOR TUJUAN Kertas penerangan ditulis ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan kepada murid Tahun 6 tentang transistor iaitu salah satu daripada komponen yang utama di dalam barangan elektronik. Diharap murid akan dapat memahami tajuk yang diterangkan dan boleh membuat latihan amali bila perlu. PENERANGAN Transistor adalah satu daripada komponen dalam litar barangan elektronik untuk meninggikan aliran arus, voltan, kuasa dan berfungsi sebagai suis. Transistor dibuat daripada bahan semikonduktor seperti silicon (Si ) dan germanium ( Ge ). Transistor mempunyai tiga kaki iaitu kaki pemancar (E) yang mengeluarkan arus untuk kembali ke punca negative, kaki pemungut (C) yang menerima arus eletrik daripada punca positif bateri dan kaki tapak (B) yang berfungsi untuk mengawal arus elektrik daripada kaki C ke kaki E. JENIS_JENIS TRANSISTOR Terdapat dua jenis transistor, iaitu transistor jenis NPN dan transistor jenis PNP. PRINSIP KERJA TRANSISTOR Arus akan mengalir dari pemungut ...

A Comparison of House of Usher, Bierces Beyond the Wall, The Black Cat

Parallels in Poe's House of Usher and Bierce's Beyond the Wall, Poe’s The Black Cat and Bierce's John Mortonson's Funeral, and in M.S. Found in a Bottle by Poe and Three and One are One by Bierce.      Ã‚  Ã‚   When one decides to become an author, one can not help being influenced by his predecessors, causing some of one's work to reflect and echo the predecessor's. Such is the case between Ambrose Bierce and his predecessor, Edgar Allen Poe. Excluding the obvious fact that both Poe's and Bierce's short stories show an attraction for death in its many forms, depictions of mental deteriorations, supernatural happenings, and ghostly manifestations, there are other similarities and parallels. Examples of them appear in Poe's short story "Fall of the House of Usher" and Bierce's short story "Beyond the Wall", Poe's "The Black Cat" and Bierce's "John Mortonson's Funeral", and in "M.S. Found in a Bottle" by Poe and "Three and One are One" by Bierce. Beyond the Wall vs The Fall of the House of Usher In "Beyond the Wall", the descriptions of the setting, the words Bierce used, and the way the story opens reminds one of Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher." In both stories the narrator travels to the house of a childhood friend whom the man has not seen in many years. The narrator begins his journey on "... the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens...". Poe creates the feeling of despair by writing about how "a insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit" when the narrator saw "the melancholy House of Usher." He looked upon "...the simple landscape features of the domain - upon the bleak walls -... upon a few rank sedges - and upon a few white trunks of decayed ... ...n stories; so what's the use?" Bierce was able to hold his own with almost any story he had written with the masters, like Mark Twain, Brett Harte, and of course, Edgar Allen Poe. Bibliography Ambrose Bierce, The Complete Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce. University of Nebraska Press, 1984. Dedria Bryfonski, "Ambrose Bierce." Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Volume One. Gale Research Company. New York, 1978. Cathy N. Davidson, Critical Essays on Ambrose Bierce. G. K. Hall & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. 1982. Arthur Miller, "The Influence of Edgar Allen Poe on Ambrose Bierce." American Literature. Volume Four. May 1932. pp 130- 150. Edgar Allen Poe, Edgar Allen Poe: Eight Tales of Terror. Scholastic Magazine, Inc. New York, 1978. Edgar Allen Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher and Other Tales. New American Library. New York, 1972      

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Essay example -- essays research p

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Purpose: To inform readers of the effects the recent terrorist attacks have on society today. Audience: General Thesis: The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and the foreign society tremendously. The Effects Terrorism has on Society From the lips of the FBI, â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective.† On September 11, 2001 the United States of America experienced such actions, it was the largest terror attack experienced by any country. The affect this had on America was tremendous, thousands are dead and tens of thousand of Americans in our country know someone who was killed or injured. The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and foreign society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The economy has caused the U.S. unemployment to increase. The unemployment rate from two thousand one, to two thousand four has increased by 2 percent. The number of people without jobs has grown from six million, eight hundred and one thousand in The year two thousand and one,to eight million six hundred forty six thousand and two hundred fifty currently. This massive downsize is due to the lack of finances to fund workers in the workforce. Also the United States paid over one point, thirty six million dollars to families who lost loved ones in th...

Epistolary Novel Essay

The word epistolary is derived through Latin from the Greek word á ¼ Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿ÃŽ »ÃŽ ® epistolÄ“, meaning a letter. An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters. The epistolary form can add greater realism to a story, because it mimics the workings of real life The founder of the epistolary novel in English is said by many to be James Howell (1594–1666) with â€Å"Familiar Letters†, who writes of prison, foreign adventure, and the love of women. There are two theories on the genesis of the epistolary novel. The first claims that the genre originated from novels with inserted letters, in which the portion containing the third person narrative in between the letters was gradually reduced.[1] The other theory claims that the epistolary novel arose from miscellanies of letters and poetry: some of the letters were tied together into a (mostly amorous) plot. The first truly epistolary novel, the Spanish â€Å"Prison of Love† (Cà ¡rcel de amor) (c.1485) by Diego de San Pedro, belongs to a tradition of novels in which a large number of inserted letters already dominated the narrative The epistolary novel as a genre became popular in the 18th century in the works of such authors as Samuel Richardson, with his immensely successful novels Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1749). In the novel Pamela, the female narrator can be found wielding a pen and scribbling her diary entries under the most dramatic and unlikely of circumstances. The first North American novel, The History of Emily Montague (1769) by Frances Brooke was written in epistolary form. There are three types of epistolary novels: monologic (giving the letters of only one character, like Letters of a Portuguese Nun and The Sorrow Of Young Werther), dialogic (giving the letters of two characters, like Mme Marie Jeanne Riccoboni’s Letters of Fanni Butlerd (1757), and polylogic (with three or more letter-writing characters, such as in Bram Stoker’s Dracula)

Digging Up The Facts: Searching For Truth

The search for historical truth is a complex endeavor. It requires collaboration, interrogation, and imagination. Historical archaeologists study modern and post-modern communities and events through the excavation of material artifacts in order to explain and contextualize the past. While the methodology of archaeology employs excavation as well as social and forensic science, the theoretical premise is based the notion that one can â€Å"know† a particular culture by means of an exhaustive collection and analysis of its material documents.According to James Deetz in In Small Things Forgotten, historical archaeologists look at â€Å"material objects from the past† in order to â€Å"decode† the messages that these buried voices might tell (Deetz 4). They supplement and expand the work conducted by folklorists, sociologists, and anthropologists so as to reveal the manner in which earlier individuals lived, loved, and died (Deetz 5).On rare occasions and under favo rable cultural conditions, the findings of historical archaeologists serve as a corrective in that their work uncovers the â€Å"buried truths. † William M. Kelso, one of the most important historical archaeologists of our time, recently led a major project in Jamestown, Virginia. This endeavor centered on the â€Å"unearthing† of the James Fort and other material artifacts. In 2006, Kelso’s groundbreaking work resulted in a published narrative of his archeological dig: Jamestown: The Buried Truth.Subsequent to the book’s publication, in 2007, the Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History in partnership with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities and the National Park Service sponsored an exhibit, Written in Bone, in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. An archeological team, led by Kelso, began their journey by identifying a twenty-two and one-half acre site. Through the use of quilt methods and excavation, they collected and examined the soil composition uncovering numerous seventeenth-century artifacts.Perhaps his greatest find was the remaining portion of the James Fort wall believed to have been destroyed by the James River. Kelso’s work â€Å"proved† that this could not have occurred for he unearthed the walls, interior structures, pits, and nearly one half million objects. Although his fascination with the James Fort reaches back four decades, Kelso’s diligence and skills as both archeologist and historian led him â€Å"literally to the soil† and, in so doing, he established a basis for a major revision of the colonial history of Virginia. Through the use of blueprints, CT scans, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR),Mitochondrial DNA testing, and skeletal analyses, Kelso confirmed, and in 2002, uncovered a â€Å"gable-lidded coffin† believed to have been that of Captain Bartholomew Gosnold previously buried under a pit on the w est wall of the Fort. Although unable to confirm that the skeleton in the coffin was Gosnold’s remains through calcium traces and dental analysis, a captain’s leading staff was buried with him. The staff along with â€Å"wood stains in the soil and the patterns of nails† suggests that he was a significant leader in the founding of Jamestown (Kelso 142).Kelso’s discovery of the remains of the James Fort, constructed in the early seventeenth-century, raised new and important questions about extant historical interpretations regarding the people of Jamestown scholarship that, for the most part, has been based solely on the written documentary record. Gosnold’s buried but â€Å"well preserved pelvis† allowed forensic anthropologist, Douglas Owsley, to recently conclude that the â€Å"five- foot, three-inch European man died in his mid-to late thirties† (Kelso 142). Kelso’s work provides evidence of how Gosnold lived and died.In add ition, Kelso and the National Geographic Society received permission from the Church of England to examine the buried remains of Gosnold’s sister, Elizabeth Gosnold Tinley, buried in All Saint’s Church in Shelly and whose remains, after DNA testing, was determined to be inconclusive as to her biological relationship to the Captain (Kelso 155-56). Kelso’s uncovering of what remains of the James Fort contradicts assertions that the colony of Jamestown had failed because transplanted Englishmen simply refused to work or lacked the wisdom and ingenuity to be successful.In addition, Kelso, through his own â€Å"dig† for the truth, proved them false. The early settlers had been constant laborers and the James Fort had not been completely lost to the river. Kelso employed forensic science and anthropological data to determine erosion and unusual indentations in the soil. Kelso’s methods showed the limitations of utilizing written documents exclusively as a way of interpreting the past. According to Kelso, â€Å"the soil yielded a new understanding of the early years of Jamestown; a new picture of its settlers †¦ a new story of the interdependence between the Virginia settlers and the Virginia Indians† (Kelso 7).Kelso is not alone in utilizing an interdisciplinary approach. If we consider the founding and establishment of Virginia and Maryland, colonies that were constantly engaged in a border dispute, we can see certain patterns of development which the documentary record supports. But the documents do not show us the material items early colonists used such as the houses, tools, and weapons. While the archaeologist needs history to contextualize and identify patterns for the purpose of accuracy, the historian makes a more compelling case by incorporating material artifacts as a significant element of his or her analyses and interpretation.One might agree with Deetz who argues that the â€Å"documentary record and archa eological record complement each other† (Deetz 11). His examinations of the manner in which colonial people, black, white, and brown, in the Chesapeake lived and died provide a telling example of the interrelationship between historical methods and archaeological interpretation. In 1609 the London Company loaded the colonists in three ships and, in 1607, they arrived at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay.Ordered by the Crown to seek a more inland region so as to better protect themselves from attacks by sea, the colonists settled farther up the James River near what would later become Richmond and Manchester. Jamestown, founded in 1607, provided protection from foreign attacks but was an unsuitable location due to poor drinking water, poor hunting ground, and farming. In addition, Native American attacks were frequent and unpredictable. Ill prepared and unable to sustain themselves, many of the colonists died from disease, starvation, and from warfare with the indigenous popul ation.With the arrival of Captain John Smith, as the story goes, the colony had its first chance at success. As a result of his leadership, historians argue, the colony sustained itself during the early years. In 1609, after Smith had returned to England, a drought severely limited colonial trade with England. In addition, unfavorable weather from 1609-1610 led to what has been described as â€Å"the starving time. † By 1610 over half of the population had died or was gravely ill. John Rolfe, who arrived in 1612, introduced two types of tobacco seeds to the colony: Orinoco and Sweet Scented.The success of these seed varieties provided a cash crop and a lucrative import item for the mother country. In addition, Rolfe’s marriage to Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhattan, in 1614, offered a relative measure of peace allowing for the use of more land to cultivate the soil depleting tobacco crop. In 1619 nearly one hundred women were brought to the colony as well as twenty Africans, initially as indentured servants and ultimately perpetual slaves. By 1632 Jamestown would be linked to the York River, the Middle Plantation, and later Williamsburg.It would become a thriving colony of landed gentry, small farmers, landless whites, displaced Natives, and enslaved Africans. Deetz offers a provocative discussion about African American dwellings, particularly the shotgun house which he considers the â€Å"most explicitly African vernacular architectural form to be found in America†¦ (Deetz 215). For Deetz, this structure shows clear signs of West African dwellings for â€Å"wherever Archaeologists find the shotgun house they find â€Å"evidence† of the viability of the African tradition in African American material culture† (Deetz 217). At the same time, Barbara J.Heath in her Hidden Lives: the Archaeology of Slave Life at Poplar Forest tells how excavators were able to determine soils connected with cellars, layers under buildings, as we ll as small objects buried adjacent to Thomas Jefferson’s retreat home southwest of his Monticello plantation. From the Poplar Forest slave quarters site, Heath and her crew obtained artifacts by â€Å"[screening] all soil from the site through one-quarter-inch hardware cloth† (Heath 32). They also found root cellars believed to have been the location where slaves stored or hid personal and contraband items (Heath 37).After three periods of controlled excavating, Heath was convinced that they had â€Å"uncovered the remains of a slave settlement† (Heath 31). Soil stains, seeds, tools, and bone fragments recovered from one site revealed the extent to which Africans lived under the restrictions and limitations of slavery in colonial America (Heath 67). Virginia and Maryland were the first colonies to utilize African slave labor on American soil. Unlike Virginia, however, Maryland established slavery at the time of its founding settlement at St. Mary in 1634.But mu ch like Virginia, Maryland transitioned from the indentured servitude to slavery by exploiting Native Americans and then Africans who cultivated tobacco and rice while others labored as skilled carpenters or blacksmiths. By 1664 slavery was perpetual in Maryland, meaning that the children assumed the status of the mother from cradle to grave. Although a colony established for Catholics, Maryland was also a place for Puritans to worship where the primary incentive for settlement was not the acquisition of wealth and status but for the purpose of religious freedom.Still, the increased numbers of Africans forced into the ‘New World† via the transatlantic trade allowed for the development of a distinct African culture on the American landscape. Once in the Chesapeake, colonists altered their views about what was possible in light of the large amounts of available land. Many became small self sufficient or large landowners within a community that was widely dispersed with few urban centers. They were dependent on agriculture and the export of tobacco that required slave labor for its long-term success.Maryland and Virginia used the head-right system, and during the initial landing in Maryland colonists traveled with their wives unlike Virginians who were, for the most part, single men. Marylanders also brought their indentured servants and as a result, the Chesapeake region evolved into an area defined by tobacco and slaves. The condition of enslaved and free blacks contributed to a distinct culture as Africans in America adapted to and transformed their environment. Well into the eighteenth-century Africans were exported directly from the African coast.The process of Americanization was not fully possible during this period because the colonists themselves did not have a clear sense of what it meant to be an American. Their colonial identity was seen through the prism of Great Britain. The mercantile system tied the colonists economically, politically, and culturally and many of the landed gentry saw themselves as part of a colonial aristocracy or as transplanted Englishmen. The ideology of Americanization must include resistance and assimilation.For example, the presence of cellars, according to Heath’s description, allowed for storage of items that may have been private or forbidden by the master. The existence of cellars represent material evidence of personal freedom within the confines of slavery. The process of Americanization is one that has been discussed by many scholars. Some historians argue that when African Americans were brought by ship and, later, in chains they acculturated and assimilated and, in so doing, became something totally different and uniquely American. Kelso, Deetz, and David A.Price in Love and Hate in Jamestown argue that Africans in America created something new but not something unrecognizable. Blacks created something that was at once African and American. The ground was both common and unc ommon situated on a shared landscape. Leland Ferguson’s Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America 1650-1800 shows that the South Carolina low country, a region defined by gang labor and rice cultivation, received a constant supply of blacks from West Africa and that through language and custom they were able to sustain a clear cultural connection to Africa even as they created their own Africa in America.Whether it be the shotgun house of Virginia, Jope’s arrival in Virginia with twenty slaves, or the pottery found at Jefferson’s Poplar Forest, â€Å"American democracy and American slavery put down their roots within weeks of each other,† processes that developed and changed over time (Price 194). Accuracy in the interpretation and management of written documents and material objects is a complicated task.A primary document, an item, written, visual, or material, from the period, may provide important details about a person or event as well a s context but it cannot provide empirical evidence. An artifact that has been excavated can show how an object was used, how it was made, and the possible status of its maker or user. The quality of the object can speak volumes about the values of the culture or community.When both types of documents are used, material and written, the participant observer walks away with a rich, more detailed and contextualized historical experience which, in most instances, brings the curious historian and the diligent archaeologist closer to that elusive thing called truth. Kelso and Heath used archaeology and history to get at the facts. Price, on the other hand, relied on the letters of John Rolfe, census, and government records. All of the previously mentioned scholars were trying to find out what â€Å"really† happened.They were excavating for the facts in order to arrive at the truth. Heath’s story was â€Å"woven,† Kelso performed an â€Å"autopsy of America† (Ke lso back cover blurb), Leland found commonality on â€Å"uncommon ground, Deetz listened to the soil, and Price combed the records. Heath is correct in her assertion that â€Å"human experience cannot be recovered from the detritus of everyday life. Yet even a partial story opens a fascinating window into the past, creating new questions and raising fresh questions† (Heath 3). Clearly all of the scholars were successful in digging up the facts for truth’s sake.

Increase Crime Among Youth Essay

1. This is to confirm that we have allotted flat no. D4 / E 5 admeasuring 920 Sq. ft.(built up area) on the Survey No.49 A / 7 constructed by us to shri PARAG VIJAY MODI for a total consideration of Rs.12,00,000/-(Rupee Twelve Lac Only)Under an agreement for sale dated 20 /12/2012. 2. We confirm that we have obtained necessary permission / approvals sanction for construction of said building from all the concerned competent authorities and the same are in force. The construction of the building as well as of the flat is in accordance with the approved plans. We assure that the said flat as well as the said building and the legal appurtenances there to be not subject to any encumbrances, charge or liability or any kind whatsoever and that the entire property is free from encumbrances and marketable. We have a clear, legal and marketable title to the said property and part thereof. 3. Shri. PARAG VIJAY MODI has/ have paid the total cost of Rs. 5,90,000/-(Rupees Five Lac Ninety thousand Only). 4. Possession of the said Unit/Gala/Shop/ Premises / Flat will be given to Shri. PARAG VIJAY MODI . 5. We have hereby confirm that we have NO OBJECTION to your giving finance to Shri. PARAG VIJAY MODI his & her mortgaging the said Flat to your Bank by way of security for repayment of such finance. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the said agreement. We hereby register the Bank’s charge in our books in respect of the said Flat. AND Shri PARAG VIJAY MODI will not be permitted to transfer, assign, sell off or in any other way/ manner deal with the said Flat prejudicial to the interest of the Bank, without the prior written consent of your bank. 6. We undertake to form a Co-operative Society of the Flat holders of the aforesaid building under the Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act.1960 within two years from the due hereof. We also agree to inform and given proper notice to the Co. operative Society as and when formed, about the said flat being so mortgaged to your Bank. 7. We are aware that relying on what is stared herein above, you have agreed to give the finance to Shri. PARAG VIJAY MODI P.S. Your are requested to issue your pay order in favour of sarasvat Bank c/a No CAPUB /11 M/s Gagangiri Construction. Instruction: If No.5 is not applicable then cancel the same and renumber the remaining paragraph.

Advantages of Technology Essay

One of the new technology police officers are taking advantage of are the Stun Guns. Stun gun, hand-held electronic device that produces a high-voltage pulse that can immobilize a person for several minutes with no permanent damage in most cases. It is powered by ordinary batteries, which supply power to a circuit containing transformers, oscillators, capacitors, and electrodes. A Taser works by creating an electrical circuit, a closed path through which electricity travels. A battery in the gun supplies the electricity. When the gun is not in use, the electricity can’t flow through it and complete the circuit, because the two darts are not in contact with each other. But when the darts hit a person, they can stick to skin or clothing. The person’s body then closes the circuit, and electricity flows through it, delivering a powerful shock. A series of shocks can be delivered to the same person, once the darts have implanted them-selves. The strength of an electric curre nt is measured in two ways. One measure, called amperage, is the amount of electricity that flows in the circuit. Amperage is like the amount of water that flows through a hose. The second measure, called voltage, is the amount of force behind the electricity. Voltage is like the pressure of water in a hose. Stun guns are designed to be non-lethal–to have a high voltage but a low amperage. In other words, the guns put a lot of pressure behind low-intensity electricity–like a hose that shoots a thin stream of water. The high voltage allows the current from the darts to jump through even thick clothing, but the low amperage limits the amount of electricity flooding through the body (Jozefowicz, 2006). Supporters say that electroshock guns are a safer alternative to devices such as firearms. TASER International uses the term â€Å"non-lethal† as defined by the United States Department of Defense – which does not mean the weapon cannot cause death, but that it is not intended to be fatal. Non-lethal weapons are defined as â€Å"weapons that are explicitly designed and primarily employed so as to incapacitate personnel or material, wh ile minimizing fatalities, permanent injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment.† Supporters say that electroshock weapons and tasers are more effective than other means including pepper-spray (an eye/breathing irritant), batons or other conventional ways of inflicting pain, even hand guns, at bringing a subject down to the ground with a minimum physical exertion (Agnes, 2004, p. 1423). I am for police stun guns and I believe  stun guns are great because they’re used instead of deadly force, but unfortunately most of the time, they’re used instead of yelling, handcuffing, and repeating instructions. It should be required that the stun gun spray ink on the hands of the person who discharges it, then at least the people would have some incentive to use restraint with them. Or maybe even put a counter on it, so the cop has to write a report of why he discharged it. Stun guns do not kill (except in very odd cases) help protect both the police and the person they are up against from being too hurt. Critics, however, charge that police officers who are r isk-averse resort to tasers in situations where previously they would have used more conventional, less â€Å"extreme† techniques, such as trying to reason with a cornered suspect. Another new technology that not only police officers are taking advantage, but also the public is the patrol car video surveillance. One of the biggest limitations of police officers and other agents of the law is the inability to properly assess a large or dangerous situation in times of need. Errors in judgment about riots, car chases or other instances of civil disobedience could wreak havoc and cause danger to innocent bystanders, participants, or the officers themselves. Video surveillance cameras and other methods of communication between officers provide a valuable solution to a pressing problem. Surveillance methods used by officers and police departments may vary, and can be anything from a video surveillance camera mounted on the dashboard of a patrol car or the skids of a helicopter, to an unmanned aerial drone or a red light camera at an intersection. Each of these surveillance cameras brings a different benefit to police officers and has been valuable in times of need. As freeways and interstate travel became more popular, more and more police officers and state troopers were needed on highways and interstates to control speeding, drunk driving, and other unsafe driving practices like tailgating. As behaviors like road rage became more widespread, unwarranted attacks on officers increased. Dash-mounted video surveillance cameras recorded these attacks and provided evidence in the prosecution of the attackers (Agnes, 2004, p. 1517). A patrol car’s video camera can prove to be a powerful training tool that allows the police to carefully review actual patrol stops, and subsequently help their  officers to identify potential safety or procedural problems that may require modification or improvement. They also help in preparing evidence for court. In regard to stun guns, I believe that many police agencies consider a stun gun as a welcomed alternative to the deadly force of a conventional gun. References Agnes, Michael (2004). Webster’s New World College Dictionary (4th ed.). Cleveland, Ohio:Wiley. Jozefowicz, C. (2006). â€Å"Undue force? Taser stun guns are designed to be nonlethal, but criticssay the guns have killed some people.† Retrieved December 9, 2007, from CurrentScience, a Weekly Reader publication 91.12 (March 3, 2006): 10(5). GeneralOneFile. Gale. University of Phoenix Advantages of Technology Essay Over the past few years, technology has been changing and expanding in every way possible. Even though it might seem like todays technology has reached its limits, that is far from the truth. It was only about twenty years ago that â€Å"personal computers† became small enough and affordable enough to buy and use. Ever since, technology has been changing peoples lives for the better. One way that technology has changed our lives for the better is by making business results faster and more accurate. â€Å"Think back to how business was done a few decades ago. There was no email,Internet, mobile marketing, telecommuting or smartphones. Now communications are instantaneous, huge amounts of information move through email and the Internet and powerful tools are in the hands of owners and employees. Innovations in technology have improved operations at companies of all sizes and helped turn small local businesses into global businesses† says the Houston Chronicle. This shows that the use of technology has had a huge impact on how businesses run, causing a huge increase in economy growth. One other example of an advantage in technology is it has boosted entertainment through games and computer programs. â€Å"Videogame systems such as Nintendo’s Wii and Microsoft’s X-Box have created a boom in at-home gaming. With the growing popularity of smartphone applications, games can now be played almost anywhere.The upside for consumers? They get easy, convenient access to an enormous variety of entertainment, all available whenever they want it. Movie lovers can rent a movie for $1 from their local Redbox during a trip to the grocery store or stream a movie directly through their TV using Netflix or Apple TV. Music fans can listen to their favorite band’s album online while trading digital files of songs with friends† says contributor Elizabeth Blackwell. This shows that technology really has boosted entertainment for people, for the better. We have games, movies, and music right at our fingertips with the touch of a button. I’m sure everyone is not near as bored as they were decades ago! In conclusion, technology truly has changed our lives for the better with all of its amazing advanages. From computers, to phones, to brilliant machines, we’ve got it all! Maybe one day robots will walk with us on earth. If the rapid growth of technology continues, who knows? Anything is possible.

Deponds on what proverbs you choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deponds on what proverbs you choose - Essay Example The book of proverbs provides a wide coverage of money, the way it should be acquired and utilized in the society. In proverbs (11: 24) the Bible states that ‘one man gives freely, yet gains even more; another withholds unduly, but comes to poverty’. The meaning of this verse is that those who withhold money have little chances of succeeding or making profits. This verse provides an incentive for each person to use money for investment (Marr, 2006). While business is risky, investing gives money opportunity to make profits. Secondly, this verse may refer to organizations that hold profits by minimizing employees’ wages (Morris and Morris, 2004). While such organization may make high profits in the short term, in the long term, they are likely to make losses as employees lose focus on the organizational goals. The question of business expenditure has attracted a lot of attention in the contemporary business environment. Business managers are faced with the dilemma of optimizing profits at the expense of their employees or vice versa. The issue of corporate social responsibility has pushed the organizations to further consider their investment strategies. Research has shown that for an organization to remain profitable in the long term, it is crucial that it takes care of the employee welfare by spending on decent wages and employee comfort. The idea of the bible (Proverbs, 11:25) that a generous many will prosper while one who refreshes others will also be refreshed points out to the benefits that an organization gains for remaining generous to their employees (Marr, 2006). When an organization pays its workers well it enjoys optimal profits due employee loyalty and high labour turnover (Morris and Morris, 2004). Business conduct is one of the most crucial factors in a business environment. The way an employee or employer behaves in

Materials and manufacture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Materials and manufacture 2 - Essay Example ected to be hard; hardness is a property of a metal, which enables it to resist being permanently deformed, broken, or its shape being changed when a load is applied. Hardness of a mental is in direct relationship to its resistance, the greater the hardness of metal, the great the resistance to deformation (Nisbett, 2005). In order to establish the properties of materials under given conditions, they are normally subjected to various tests. The tensile strength of a material is a measure of how resistant the material is to failure under tension. The tensile test measures a material’s strength under tension. The testing involves applying a pulling force to a material from both sides until the material changes its shape or breaks. Metals, plastics, wood and ceramics are the common materials whose tensile strengths are measure. The recommended SI unit when testing tensile strength is either Pascal (Pa) or Newton per square meter, some engineers measure tensile strength in kilo-pound per square inch (KSI) (Davis, 2004). The impact strength of a material is the property of a material to resist failure under impulsive forces. The Charply impact test measures the energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen while breaking under an impact load (Lambert, Miriam and Susan, 2010). The test is being used as an economical quality control method so as to determine the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of engineering materials. The rotary strength of a material is the property of the material to resist failure under torsion. The Rotary fatigue test involves determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure. In the process of determining rotary test of a material, testing machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these stresses (Mitchell and Jerina, 2007). Yet again, the carbon composition of a material impacts

Cross Cultural Management N Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross Cultural Management N - Essay Example The presence of cross cultural teams in organizations provides a source of expertise and innovative techniques that will enhance competitive positioning of an organization (Smith and Thomas, 2008). To enhance this, a flexible leader is needed to promote creativity and motivation. As portrayed in the cross cultural management theories, the relations between people, orientation towards risk, attitudes to time, motivation orientation, attitudes towards the environment and definition of self and others is considered closely. The motivation and training of multicultural teams should be the focus of the organization as this will determine the implications of the project management (Bird and Fang, 2009). The significance of cultural differences defines the success and failure of multicultural international projects. Thus to be successful and competitive in today environment and even days to come, initiatives should be grounded on delivering culturally-aware leadership, mutual respect and cross cultural communication (French, 2007). To be able to understand the concept of cultural differences it relevant to understand the meaning of culture. Culture is the major quality that defines a society in respect to its norms, beliefs, symbols, heroes and rituals as reflected in their social life. It is man’s way of life as it defines the way we live on daily basis and what we bring in our workplaces especially within a certain social group. Kutscher and Schmid defines culture as â€Å"the set of basic assumptions, attitudes and convictions of a social unit that manifest themselves in a multitude of behavior and artifacts, and which developed over time as a response to the varied demands placed on this social unit (2004. p.7.).†As an international business manager, one has to be acquainted with proper knowledge concerning the cultural differences and its impact on the business at large. In a multinational company, people working together will be coming from different