What Causes the Individuals to Be Addicted to the Internet Free Essay Example, 3000 words

It is a fact that internet addiction is a problem and that the problem may be here to stay if the preventive measure is not taken. Many individuals continue to be addicted to the said technology on a daily basis. The concern is that the numbers keep increasing on a daily basis and the habit remains deeply rooted in the lives of the addicts. What begins as normal and innocent use of the internet may at times develop into a habit and later an addiction (Padwa Cunningham, 2010). The effects of addiction to the internet include a change in the social life/patterns of an individual. People who spend large amounts of time on the internet are considered anti-social or depict acts of anti-social behavior. Addiction to the internet is a serious contemporary problem as it impacts the lives of the addict in a number of ways. For instance, an addict s performance at the workplace or in school may be affected due to increased concentration on the internet and less focus on critical areas within the workplace or in school. Due to the aforementioned factors, the researcher seeks to establish the causes and effects of internet addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on What Causes the Individuals to Be Addicted to the Internet or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The main concern about this negative habit is the fact that an individual addicted to the internet spends most of the time browsing and may dedicate minimal attention to other spheres of life such as schoolwork and at the workplace, both of which require great concentration and attention.

The Movie Deathly Hallows - 1209 Words

The second to the last film of the famous movie (and book) franchise, the Harry Potter Series. Deathly Hallows Part 1, has become more extravagant, all thanks to Alexander Desplat and his official movie soundtrack for this film. The first track, â€Å"Obliviate†, provides a feeling of heavy sadness. This song was used on the scene wherein Hermione Granger made a tough decision to wipe her parents’ memory of her as she joins the Horcrux searching party with Harry Potter and Ron Weasley. For an opening scene, this is something that can darken the viewers’ mood, but it cannot be avoided since the theme of the movie goes around the dark side – fighting against the evil in the Wizarding World. Another song included in the movie soundtrack is â€Å"Snape†¦show more content†¦Sky Battle’s synchronization with the flying scenes and the fighting with the Death Eaters while escaping part can make the audience feel the feeling of the characters during their battle; the struggle, the fear, and the anxiety they have. This scene’s first part used the â€Å"Polyjuice Potion† song, which was great in describing and making the viewers feel the passing of time for the transformation of the seven people to become the Harry Potters that will be the bait for the Death Eaters. Also, the track ended with a tone that matches the revelation mood when these seven people have finally become copies of the original Harry Potter. Another thrilling scene of this movie is when Harry, Ron and Hermione entered the Ministry of Magic by decoy – again, with the help of the Polyjuice Potion. They pretended to be three employees of the ministry for their smooth entrance in the establishment, but their mission did not run as smoothly as they expected. Since the Polyjuice Potion only lasts for an hour, their â€Å"expiry† had been almost there before they can even get their target – the locket of Dolores Umbridge. In the escaping part in this scene, the â€Å"Ministry of Magic† track was used to accompany the exciting fighting scenes and the clever schemes and ways of the trio’s escape. During their adventure, there has been a time wherein Ron felt that he has been casted away by Harry and Hermione because only the two of them talk about and how they would plan their next move in

Water Pollution in Our Day Today Life Free Essays

Water pollution in our day to day life What is water pollution? Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives (in) it. When humans drink polluted water it often has serious effects on their health. Water pollution can also make water unsuited for the desired use. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in Our Day Today Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the major water pollutants? There are several classes of water pollutants. The first are disease-causing agents. These are bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms that enter sewage systems and untreated waste. A second category of water pollutants is oxygen-demanding wastes; wastes that can be decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. When large populations of decomposing bacteria are converting these wastes it can deplete oxygen levels in the water. This causes other organisms in the water, such as fish, to die. A third class of water pollutants is water-soluble inorganic pollutants, such as acids, salts and toxic metals. Large quantities of these compounds will make water unfit to drink and will cause the death of aquatic life. Another class of water pollutants are nutrients; they are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other water plants, which deplete the water’s oxygen supply. This kills fish and, when found in drinking water, can kill young children. Water can also be polluted by a number of organic compounds such as oil, plastics and pesticides, which are harmful to humans and all plants and animals in the water. A very dangerous category is suspended sediment, because it causes depletion in the water’s light absorption and the particles spread dangerous compounds such as pesticides through the water. Finally, water-soluble radioactive compounds can cause cancer, birth defects and genetic damage and are thus very dangerous water pollutants. More information on health effects of microrganisms Where does water pollution come from? Water pollution is usually caused by human activities. Different human sources add to the pollution of water. There are two sorts of sources, point and nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipelines or sewers into the surface water. Nonpoint sources are sources that cannot be traced to a single site of discharge. Examples of point sources are: factories, sewage treatment plants, underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers and agriculture. Examples of nonpoint sources are: acid deposition from the air, traffic, pollutants that are spread through rivers and pollutants that enter the water through groundwater. Nonpoint pollution is hard to control because the perpetrators cannot be traced. How do we detect water pollution? Water pollution is detected in laboratories, where small samples of water are analysed for different contaminants. Living organisms such as fish can also be used for the detection of water pollution. Changes in their behaviour or growth show us, that the water they live in is polluted. Specific properties of these organisms can give information on the sort of pollution in their environment. Laboratories also use computer models to determine what dangers there can be in certain waters. They import the data they own on the water into the computer, and the computer then determines if the water has any impurities. What is heat pollution, what causes it and what are the dangers? In most manufacturing processes a lot of heat originates that must be released into the environment, because it is waste heat. The cheapest way to do this is to withdraw nearby surface water, pass it through the plant, and return the heated water to the body of surface water. The heat that is released in the water has negative effects on all life in the receiving surface water. This is the kind of pollution that is commonly known as heat pollution or thermal pollution. The warmer water decreases the solubility of oxygen in the water and it also causes water organisms to breathe faster. Many water organisms will then die from oxygen shortages, or they become more susceptible to diseases. For more information about this, you can take a look at thermal pollution. What is eutrophication, what causes it and what are the dangers? Eutrophication means natural nutrient enrichment of streams and lakes. The enrichment is often increased by human activities, such as agriculture (manure addition). Over time, lakes then become eutrophic due to an increase in nutrients. Eutrophication is mainly caused by an increase in nitrate and phosphate levels and has a negative influence on water life. This is because, due to the enrichment, water plants such as algae will grow extensively. As a result the water will absorb less light and certain aerobic bacteria will become more active. These bacteria deplete oxygen levels even further, so that only anaerobic bacteria can be active. This makes life in the water impossible for fish and other organisms. What is acid rain and how does it develop? Typical rainwater has a pH of about 5 to 6. This means that it is naturally a neutral, slightly acidic liquid. During precipitation rainwater dissolves gasses such as carbon dioxide and oxygen. The industry now emits great amounts of acidifying gasses, such as sulphuric oxides and carbon monoxide. These gasses also dissolve in rainwater. This causes a change in pH of the precipitation – the pH of rain will fall to a value of or below 4. When a substance has a pH of below 6. 5, it is acid. The lower the pH, the more acid the substance is. That is why rain with a lower pH, due to dissolved industrial emissions, is called acid rain. Why does water sometimes smell like rotten eggs? When water is enriched with nutrients, eventually anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen to practice their functions, will become highly active. These bacteria produce certain gasses during their activities. One of these gases is hydrogen sulphide. This compounds smells like rotten eggs. When water smells like rotten eggs we can conclude that there is hydrogen present, due to a shortage of oxygen in the specific water. What causes white deposit on showers and bathroom walls? Water contains many compounds. A few of these compounds are calcium and carbonate. Carbonate works as a buffer in water and is thus a very important component. When calcium reacts with carbonate a solid substance is formed, that is called lime. This lime is what causes the white deposit on showers and bathroom walls and is commonly known as lime deposit. It can be removed by using a specially suited cleaning agent. More specific information on water pollutants or freshwater pollution is now available or take a look at types of pollution for freshwater For water terminology check out our Water Glossary or go back to water FAQ overview Feel free to contact us if you have any other questions About Lenntech Turnkey plants Pilot plants Containerized plants Services Career at Lenntech International Internships Periodic table Calculators Visitors information Our partners Contact us Lenntech BV Rotterdamseweg 402 M 2629 HH Delft The Netherlands tel: +31 15 261 09 00 fax: +31 15 261 62 89 e-mail: info@lenntech. com Request a quote ? Home Applications Processes Systems Products Library Languages Copyright  © 1998-2011 Lenntech B. V | Email: info@lenntech. com | Tel. +31 15 261 09 00 | Fax. +31-15-2616289 Read more: http://www. lenntech. com/water-pollution-faq. htm#ixzz2Ccrcb1wl How to cite Water Pollution in Our Day Today Life, Essay examples

Reaction Paper to The Philadelphia Story Essay Example For Students

Reaction Paper to The Philadelphia Story Essay I first off did not care for this film. I know I should be more open minded when it comes to classical films that are in black and white but I Just did not get interested into this selection. The film tried to have some intentional artifice with the whole movie focusing on Tracy. She Just was not a very nice person. The whole plot was centered on her. She had tried to confuse the photographers minds since she had figured out of why they wanted to write a story about her wedding. I think another yep of narration was that the movie was circular pattern. The film stared out showing Tracy in a fight with Dexter at their home. By the end of the film the two ended up getting married at the house. The film also had some Hollywood styles. One style was classical Hollywood style that is character orientated. The camera always seemed to have close ups as the characters talked. I noticed that the camera also would have both characters In the shot while they were talking in dialogue. I did not notice that the film did any subjective camera shots. The director did seem to use the close and long shots the most often out of any type of camera shots. Almost every new sequence of scenes It was a long shot to set the setting. I dont know if this was part of the Hollywood style but the director tried to do a transition from the Spy magazine on the ground to fade into the Spy Company Building. The film was Just the normal straight cut between scenes for almost all the transitions. The director did give a hint that Tracy and Dexter might get back together with the boat. Dexter gave It to Tracy as a gift and from that point on It was mentioned a lot. I will try to give classical films another chance In this class. I Just hope we have more films that we as a class would enjoy more. I do not feel I am the only one that feels this way since after the film I heard a lot of class mates saying they didnt understand It or Like It well.

Factors That are Beyond the Control Essay Example

Factors That are Beyond the Control Paper Well it is being done by computers. An external environmental factor is defined as factors that are beyond the control of the firm that influences its choices of direction ND action, organization structure and internal process (Pearce II, J. A, Robinson, Jar, R. B (201 1). The advance in e-commerce can affect how Apple runs the sales department. For example, with the increase in online purchases Apple no longer needs to buy, open and staff an actual store front location. Before items were purchased online, people would go to a store location and buy a new computer. But now consumers place orders online and have it shipped to their homes. Apple will have to stay on top of the system updates to make sure they are meeting the needs of their online hoppers. Another important external environmental factor for Apple Inc. Is to maintain a presence in the technology market. Globalization will be key to Apple Inc. s competitive advantage within the market. More companies are building relationships with foreign competitors to attempt to gain an advantage in these markets. As one of the most popular innovative companies, Apple Inc. As leadership in place to understand that if they do not globalize they will lose their advantage. Apple understood that by expanding into the international market they would have a major influence. By expanding into international markets Apple would increase their market, visibility and opportunity for investors. This can be great for investors considering in 2012 Apple phone grew to 25. 1 % in global markets share (Philanderer Staff. (2013). Apple Inc. Has always been known for the creative advantage in technology but as we know, technology is always changing. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors That are Beyond the Control specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Factors That are Beyond the Control specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Factors That are Beyond the Control specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Despite always being ahead of the game, other companies are slowly pushing Apple out of their top position. Other companies such as Samsung, Microsoft, and Google have shown great improvement and are becoming a threat. After Google created and developed the android market, they sent notice that they were going to be a force to be reckoned with. Samsung with their latest device the Samsung Galaxy SO was the top selling android device in 2012 according to (Dent, S. (2012). But with the release of the phone 5, Apple is set to take the lead in the near future. Competition in the market is something Apple is going to continue to expect. Competition is constantly growing especially since new competitors are always coming into the market. Companies like Microsoft and MM are Apples direct competition in the computer market. This has in some way affected Apples profit margin, when computer companies such as Sass can sell a laptop at a third Of the price of an Imax laptop. But despite the increase in competition Apple, has created a cult like atmosphere with their brand. Having worked in various studios, there are engineers around the world who are die hard Apple computer lovers. Important Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Internal environmental analysis is defined as factors within the organization that influences their activities pa articulacy the behavior of the employees. The internal will help Apple to continue to grow and succeed. Steve Jobs is and was one the best innovative thinkers of the 20th century. He created and developed a strategic plan that allowed continued success long after he was gone. Jobs started with the first home based computer then he was the driving force behind products such as the pod, tunes and the Macintosh operating system. He helped set a standard of excellence for Apple Inc. To continue building upon. Being innovative has been Apples claim to fame. Taking risk and giving consumers products that are not only cool but meets a persons needs created instant success for the company. This is a strength hat Apple has over there competition. When companies perform a SOOT analysis their goal is to create a tool that is used for leaders to understand their strengths and weaknesses. The SOOT always advises a company of the opportunities and threats as well. One weakness Apple Inc. Usually faces is their need to recall their products. For example, when you are the first to release a new product, the company has to deal with the initial defects and imperfections of the product(s). When products are recalled it decreases the profit margin for Apple Inc. , and they are forced to replace the items. Competitive Position and Possibilities Over the past 30 years Apple Inc. Has placed themselves in a great competitive position. With their advantage in technology, Apple Inc. Has a core line of products which they can continue to build upon for years to come. From computers to smart phones, consumers are constantly looking for the next great product and Apple is in the perfect position to meet those demands. With new products like the phone 5, Apple is pushing the envelope in the smart phone market. Conclusion Overall, Apple Inc. Has been a major player in offering great products and arrives to their loyal consumers.

Cold War and Communism Essays - United States Civil Defense

Cold War and Communism Essays - United States Civil Defense Cold War and Communism Victoria Mullally HIS/145 September 7, 2015 Jennifer Moore Cold War and Communism Try to imagine a world where you are constantly in wait for an attack. Oh, wait we do that everyday. During the 1950s there were great fears and preparation for nuclear attack. In todays society we fear terrorism. In many ways these types of attacks are similar. We have to be prepared at any moment for either, but they differ as well. In 1951 children were shown the video Duck and Cover to prepare them for nuclear attacks. The video had a catchy song and mascot who showed you that when you are under attack: to duck and cover. It then went into details of the warning signs of a nuclear attack. The main thing to watch for was the atomic flash. The atomic bomb flash could burn you worse than terrible sunburn. (Archer Productions, 1951). The children were shown different scenarios of being under attack and taught different ways to handle each situation. The video had one common piece of information: if you are under attack duck and cover. Today with the constant fear of terrorist attacks we should have a plan as well. There is no video to help us understand what we can do in the case of a terrorist attack. Making a video would be difficult too. There is no one way a terrorist can attack, for all we know they could use an atomic bomb. If everyone saw the Duck and Cover film we would have at least that information to help protect us. Lets go back to the day of 9/11. There was no warning these attacks were coming and there was no way a duck and cover would have protected us. Needless to say it is more difficult to live in fear of terrorism than just an atomic bomb. People are unpredictable and being as best prepared as possible is all you can do. Living in the constant fear of any attack is difficult. You can never be fully prepared for what may come. Terrorist or atomic bombs, it doesnt matter. Nothing changes the fact that attacks can happen any time and any place. Remember what you know, but dont assume you know what exactly is happening either. References Archer Productions (1951). Duck and Cover [Video file]. Retrieved from Internet Archive website: https://archive.org/details/DuckandC1951

Forensic Pathology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Pathology - Coursework Example The present scenario has a submerged body; the pathologist takes the samples from different organs without marking. This is because if the samples are supposed to go for DNA sequencing or finger printing then the DNA from every cell or tissue of the same body is exactly the same. So to find anomalous behavior more than one sample is withdrawn. These tissues are sliced into blocks and mounted on slides for microscopic analysis and are further subjected to various tests. The Y-incision is performed to gain access to vital body organs and see if any physical assault has been made or whether the deceased was suffering from a disease. These organs are weighed either collectively or separately depending on the severity of scenario. Usually the weight is reduced in case of traumatized organs. (Prahlow, Byard. 2011) Tissue sampling from the stomach can be useful to indicate if any poison was given to the victim. This can help indicate the time of death as well. Usually samples from other organs such as gall bladder, liver, urine, eye fluid etcetera are also obtained to make sure of poisoning and digestion levels. In case of murder or assault the body is not normally returned to the family until the many staged investigation is carried out. Moreover if the head injury is not visible to the eye then samples from the brain are also obtained. Are such samples only taken in cases of submerged bodies, and if not, asks that you give him at least four other examples of when such samples might be taken and what might be discovered in subsequent examinations of such tissues? Such samples are taken in every-day postmortem cases of natural death as well. But the procedure is a bit more detailed and lengthy for victims of unnatural death. Not only in submerged cases but also in many other scenarios. Four of which are stated as follows: Someone dies of suspicious death without any witnesses and unexpectedly, requires autopsy legally. To find out if the victim was traumatized or drug abused. Common cases are homicide, manslaughter or murder.

Online Teaching Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Teaching - Assignment Example It is also directly tied to their inability to pick up auditory social cues. This can result in a deaf person becoming generally irritable. WHO says "Children with hearing impairment often experience delayed development of speech, language and cognitive skills, which may result in slow learning and difficulty progressing in school".(1) A serious problem has been the long-term sustainability of our work. While it may be useful in the short term to inject manpower, money and technology into a program to aid the disabled, the work must be sustained particularly by the organization being assisted. Therefore, we have come to realize that technologists and disability workers have to work closely and cooperatively to effect a lasting change. Trust and mutual support must be present. But the effort will be sustainable if those numbered among the disabled are enabled to provide self-help for their fellow members. By their examples, other disabled will be motivated to emulate their success. The hearing impairment is spread thought the world. "According to 2005 estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 278 million people worldwide have moderate to profound hearing loss in both ears."(2) I believe developing software for hearing impaired children is the best idea. ... Trust and mutual support must be present. But the effort will be sustainable if those numbered among the disabled are enabled to provide self-help for their fellow members. By their examples, other disabled will be motivated to emulate their success. Background The hearing impairment is spread thought the world. "According to 2005 estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 278 million people worldwide have moderate to profound hearing loss in both ears."(2) As I. King Jordan (Former President of Gallaudet University) has said "Deaf people can do anything, except hear."- (3) So I believe that hearing impaired children can be merged with our society. I believe developing software for hearing impaired children is the best idea. Animated tutors can be programmed to be patient with learners and never become angry, tired or bored. Applications with animated tutors perceived as supportive and likeable will engage foreign language and ESL learners, reading impaired, autistic and other children with special needs in face-to-face computerized lessons. One of this software is named Badli. "Information technology (IT) research has created a 3D computerized tutor that helps profoundly deaf children to develop their conversational skills. Baldi" the animated instructor converses via the latest technologies for speech recognition and generation, showing students how to understand and produce spoken language."(4) This system is so accurate that several schools are successfully using Baldi in the classroom to teach speech, reading and other language skills to children with hearing loss, autism, and dyslexia. The potential application of Baldi to other markets such as the educational publishing, foreign language and English as a Second Language ("ESL") markets is

International Migration and Ethnic Relations Coursework

International Migration and Ethnic Relations - Coursework Example Racism is a product of stigma. Stigma changes the way people relate to one another, it may also reflect the way the whole society relates with the stigmatised person or group. The difference has cause from the different races or tribes and social classes. This process is all around the way they have exclusion from the social activities and interaction. These activities include games like football, hanging out in public places together or even dating. This exclusion is discrimination, prejudice or a process mediated institutionally. Racism in the western culture has a long history and it dates back in time memorial. Designation of racial i.e. terms have been used to disseminate power and in the oppression of people. The designation ‘Negro’ was one of the terms used to describe the black Americans. These designations collect a baggage to become terms of discrimination and abuse or one that would otherwise be offensive to the people or person with such reference. In Britain ‘coloured’ is a term used to refer to disparagement of some kind, in Canada, the term ‘people of colour’ is an accepted term to describe certain groups of persons. The designation term ‘black’ used to be a stigma term until the movement of the black power reversed it in the 1960s. People belonging to racial groups or the racial groups themselves are not stigmatised at all, the terms used to describe them is what makes it so stigmatising. The context in which the terms are used is even more discriminating than the term itself. When the term white and non-white are used, the latter term describes something that the former lack. White implies purity in the genetic makeup, with no contamination of the black. Racial difference stigmatisation also has use in other contexts. The term ‘Turk’ also has explanation twice in the English language, a group of turkey or national turkey. Equally, it means someone who is very hard to manage. Our t hought may not be as conscious as the dictionary but woven for easy assumption of the meaning of words to refer to one thing to express how we feel about people. Sometimes referring to people as Turk is discriminatory and causes stigma. Racism and discrimination is not hard to identify, it is something that comes up in those who express it as soon as they contact those discriminated against. Something like skin colour e.g. the black and the whites, the black has identification by the eye, not much investigation need implementation to identify the excluded group. This is the reason why racial discrimination is an instant thing. The group of persons discriminated usually do not have a chance to express themselves among other people who do not belong to their own group. They are perceived to be less of importance. Therefore, they do not enjoy opportunities in the current competitive world. Their issues will lack quantification for quality by people who discriminate against them without looking at the fact that they come from a discriminated group (Goffman, 1968). Attributes of stigma, is discrediting and very extensive in nature that it sometimes referred to as a handicap or a shortcoming. It makes up a society that identifies itself socially without giving preference to the virtues of its members ( (Goffman, 1990), pg 11-12). Bibliography Goffman, E. (1990). Management of Spoilt Identity. London: Penguin Books. Goffman, E. (1968). Stigma:Notes on The Management of Spoiled Identity. London: Penguine Publishers. Question two Lentin and historicization of the race Racism dates back from the

Role Of A Social Work Practitioner Social Work Essay

Role Of A Social Work Practitioner Social Work Essay Interrelationship can be defined as a mutual or reciprocal relation (Oxford University Press, 2012). A theory in social work is a framework for understanding (Thompson, 2000a, p. 22). It provides the practitioner with an understanding of client behaviour and emotions. Where theory enables understanding the client and the situation they are encountering, practice is how the practitioner interprets this knowledge and uses it. It is the process of interviewing, accessing and assisting the client. Thompson (2000a) states the relationship between theory and practice can be seen as a direct parallel with that between thinking and doing (p. 4). Social work practitioners learn theories so they can be more competent and professional in their practice. Without theory and a solid knowledge base, the social work practitioner inadvertently becomes less effective (Thompson, 2000a). Howe states (as cited in Collingwood, Emond, Woodward, 2008) some social work practitioners believe that theory is not required and that the best decisions are based on pragmatism and common sense (p. 72). However, according to Fisher and Somerton (as cited in Collingwood et al., 2008) theory may not be explicitly articulated, and it may not be used well, but there is no such thing as theory-less practice (p. 72). An example of a how theory interrelates with practice is what Connolly and Healy (2011) call mountain-moving theories (p. 28). These are approaches that aim to shift oppressive structures and/or dominant discourses so that we can move towards a more equitable society (Connolly Healy, 2011, p. 28). Social work practitioners are considered to have power and influence, therefore they need a practice that does not discriminate, oppress or show prejudice in terms of sexism, racism, ageism and disablism (Thompson, 2006, p. 40). Anti-oppressive practice is the practice in which a social work practitioner strives to reduce, undermine or eliminate discrimination and oppression (Thompson, 2006). When working with a person with a disability, a social work practitioner must be careful not to oppress the client themselves, therefore social work practitioners follow the principle of minimal intervention (Connolly Healy, 2011, p. 29). They need to use skills that involve empowerment which means b elieving that people are capable of making their own choices and decisions (Connolly Healy, 2011, p. 28). The social work practitioner would use their knowledge, access to resources, and power to enable the client to feel powerful and supported. They would not make decisions for the client but would let them decide for themselves, giving the client the tools necessary to realise their potential (Connolly Healy, 2011, p. 28). By using the right theory in their practice the social work practitioner has enabled the client to feel validated, giving them greater control of their lives, therefore building up their confidence and allowing them to be valued members of society (Connolly Healy, 2011). Connolly and Healy state anti-oppressive practice provides a theoretical explanation, guidance in terms of approach, and techniques for responding to the needs of people (Connolly Healy, 2011, p. 28). According to Thompson a paradigm is a theoretical approach which encompasses a number of related theories (2000, p. 27). Theoretical paradigms play an important role in social work as they guide the practitioner on what may be happening in the clients world. Social work practitioners can choose which approach to take by which paradigm they deem more appropriate to the situation (Thompson, 2000b). They can choose to focus their practice on a particular or singular paradigm or use multiple paradigms, in an eclectic manner (Poulter, 2005). Poulter states eclectic workers argue that not being locked into one particular paradigm frees practitioners to determine what actually works best in practice (2005, p. 1999). Although there are many theoretical paradigms of social work one main one is systems theory. An understanding of systems theory involves looking at the sociological effects of society on the client and how they are being affected by them (Thompson, 2000b). With Bronfenbrenners ecological theory, the social work practitioner takes the clients current environment into account. This theory includes microsystems, mesosystems, ecosystems and macrosystems (Connolly Healy, 2011). It is a valuable theory because it allows the practitioner to look at the whole picture. For example if there was a problem with a child, the social work practitioner would firstly look at the microsystem surrounding them. This includes the childs family, school, peers and neighbourhood which interact daily with them (Santrock, 2011). The social work practitioner would then look at the mesosystems that impact the clients life; this is the relationship between the childs microsystems and how they affect each other (Santrock, 2011). The ecosystem consists of links between a social setting in which the indiv idual does not have an active role (Santrock, 2011, p. 29), examples of this are parents work places and social welfare services. Here, the social work practitioner looks at how the parents work place or hours of work affect the child or how social welfare is influencing the familys life (Payne, 2005). The macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live (Payne, 2005, p. 29). This is the familys values and beliefs and how this affects the child. By looking at the whole picture the social work practitioner can obtain a true picture of the child and his / her environment. By using a theoretical paradigm the practitioner has managed to fully comprehend the clients situation and what its influences are; now they can use their knowledge of practice to provide assistance to the child and family. As theory and practice are interrelated, it is accurate to say that they shape one another as well. Sheafor and Horejsi determine that, not only is it hard to separate theory and practice but practice is the process of using knowledge and applying theory in order to bring about specific change (2008, p. 46). During the process of time and practice, a practitioners knowledge base develops, changes, and becomes more comprehensive. To help recognise when change is needed, part of the social work practitioners role is to constantly reflect upon what they do and what they think about what they have done (Dominelli, 2004, p. 250). Reflexivity practice is cyclic, and begins with the experience of the task, reviewing what has happened, conceptualising and trying to understand relationships and finishing by predicting what to do next, thus giving the practitioner a new idea of how to proceed next time (Chenoweth McAuliffe, 2012). Reflexivity provides an opportunity to understand the way in w hich the workers personal views and interpretation intersect with practice-in-situation (Harms Connolly, 2011, p. 6). Reflexivity leads to praxis when an ideology is added; this is the process of strengthening our practice and a form of continual growth for the practitioner (Harms Connolly, 2011). During this time theories will also grow and change, leading to a change in practice. As most social work practitioners want to bring about change and help people, they are more inclined to promote social action (Shaefor Horejsi, 2008). Examining social injustices and inequalities in society is just part of the social work practitioners role (Payne, 2005). According to Payne (2005) this has led to the development of perspectives that broaden the range of factors that lead to inequality and injustice (p. 230). Culturally sensitive practice in New Zealand was developed in order to promote perspectives that encompassed MÄ ori value and beliefs. Social work practitioners saw the need to treat MÄ ori within the context of their culture, not the dominant culture of the Pakeha. MÄ ori well-being is viewed as holistic, containing characteristics from the spiritual, mental, physical and extended family (Durie, 1994). Where a psychodynamic theory might work with a Pakeha, the one to one dynamics and required openness of the dialogue, does not encompass the culture of MÄ ori. This led to the development of mÄ ori models like the whare tapa whÄ  model, Te Wheke and NgÄ  Pou Mana (Durie, 1994). The whare tapa whÄ  model was formed from the findings that MÄ ori health was suffering due to the westernised treatment of them while sick (Durie, 1994). The standard dominant Pakeha model of health was not allowing MÄ ori to follow their cu ltural beliefs; therefore a new theory or models were developed to encompass MÄ ori culture. This in turn led to improved practice. Social work practitioners now understand when working with Maori that it is not just the individual that needs to be considered but the collective (Durie, 1994). In conclusion, the interrelationship between theory and practice denotes that they are reliant on one another for the social work practitioner to develop their professional selves. For quality practice, a social work practitioner must have a sound knowledge base of theory and practice. The developments of new perspectives enhance the ability of the social work practitioner to have an ethical practice. Thompson states (as cited in Thompson, 2000a) practice which does not take into account of oppression and discrimination cannot be seen as good practice (p. 10). The use of theoretical paradigms in social work practice provides the practitioner with an understanding of where the client is at in their situation, what they will do to assist the client and how they will do it. Theory shapes practice in the way that what the practitioner learns will affect the way they practice. Similarly how the practice is developed, is based not only on theory but also experience, so this shapes theory i n that it may be modified to suit. The process of reflection helps the practitioners ability to look back on their practice and the theories they have used, allowing them to review their thoughts and feelings. A change in theory and practice has enabled MÄ ori to be treated in a way that is more in line with their culture, making the practitioner more sensitive and well-rounded which leads to an improved practice.

health care disparities :: essays research papers

An informal network of providers allows access to a limited number of free or low-cost drugs, mammography, treatment and other services. This network includes volunteer physicians on both sides of the border, the local federally funded community health center, the local Catholic hospital on the US side, the Shriner’s Hospital in Phoenix, hospitals in Tucson, the Mexican public social security hospital in Sonora, and the Santa Cruz County health department. The promotoras support the Santa Cruz County health department, doing home visits and translation on its behalf. When the county identifies diabetics, follow-up management is often handled by the promotoras. The promotoras have also been involved in a number of community issues. When the controversial replacement of a local well was proposed, promotoras and Institute-organized volunteers headed the county steering committee and organized door-to-door activities to advertise public meetings on the issue. Given their cross-border environment, the Institute has also fostered close working relationships with Mexican consular officials and municipal officials in Nogales, Sonora. The Institute has assisted Plan Retornowith donated supplies and health education. Plan Retorno helps deported individuals who have been dropped off in Nogales, Sonora far from their towns and villages of origin. The Way of the Heart model is different from what is more commonly seen in other promotora initiatives: It is a freestanding entity that has built a set of collaborative relationships with clinical providers and social agencies. Most other promotora projects appear to be sponsored by existing clinics and hospitals that use them to augment their outreach and patient management efforts. Staff Recruitment, Training and Retention Promotoras are recruited mainly through word of mouth, postings in community agencies and sometimes through newspaper ads. In the future, promotoras may be recruited from the teen promotora program that has developed out of the Institute’s peer counseling work. The program explicitly seeks promotoras who reflect the culture, economics and demographics of the Nogales community. Persistence and resilience in navigating systems are the most sought after attributes. health care disparities :: essays research papers An informal network of providers allows access to a limited number of free or low-cost drugs, mammography, treatment and other services. This network includes volunteer physicians on both sides of the border, the local federally funded community health center, the local Catholic hospital on the US side, the Shriner’s Hospital in Phoenix, hospitals in Tucson, the Mexican public social security hospital in Sonora, and the Santa Cruz County health department. The promotoras support the Santa Cruz County health department, doing home visits and translation on its behalf. When the county identifies diabetics, follow-up management is often handled by the promotoras. The promotoras have also been involved in a number of community issues. When the controversial replacement of a local well was proposed, promotoras and Institute-organized volunteers headed the county steering committee and organized door-to-door activities to advertise public meetings on the issue. Given their cross-border environment, the Institute has also fostered close working relationships with Mexican consular officials and municipal officials in Nogales, Sonora. The Institute has assisted Plan Retornowith donated supplies and health education. Plan Retorno helps deported individuals who have been dropped off in Nogales, Sonora far from their towns and villages of origin. The Way of the Heart model is different from what is more commonly seen in other promotora initiatives: It is a freestanding entity that has built a set of collaborative relationships with clinical providers and social agencies. Most other promotora projects appear to be sponsored by existing clinics and hospitals that use them to augment their outreach and patient management efforts. Staff Recruitment, Training and Retention Promotoras are recruited mainly through word of mouth, postings in community agencies and sometimes through newspaper ads. In the future, promotoras may be recruited from the teen promotora program that has developed out of the Institute’s peer counseling work. The program explicitly seeks promotoras who reflect the culture, economics and demographics of the Nogales community. Persistence and resilience in navigating systems are the most sought after attributes.

Pride and Prejudice Argumentative Essay Essay

Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Religion |Fanatical Christians |Islam extremists |All mormons are poligamists | |Gender |Men should never cry |Women can be in power because of |Pink is for girls | | | |their periods | | |Age |As you get older you cannot learn |Older people are not as sharp as |Old people are not interested in | | |new things |younger people |sex |. Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? Some stereotypes have been found to have a positive view of certain groups by other minority groups, Asian Americans are admired for â€Å"placing a high value on intellectual and professional achievement† and â€Å"having strong family ties†, Hispanic Americans â€Å"take deep pride in their culture and work hard to achieve a better life† (R.Schaefer, 2012), African Americans â€Å"have made a valuable contribution to American Society and will work hard when given a chance† (National Conference of Christians and Jews 1994). Another positive aspect of stereotyping (and I had to dig to find it) is that middle-class or afflcuent African Americans’ feelings of self esteem and self-image are more positive than those of comparable Whites. Our text does not tell us why just that it has been measured and exists and that one positive aspect. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? Stereotyping has caused people to view certain groups of people in a negative light, even though people do not express such views openly, prejudice and stereotyping still exists. In an article written by Tim Giago, â€Å"National Media Should Stop Using Obscene Words†, Tim describes how the term â€Å"Redskins† is so readily used in football and how derogatory it is to hear for Native Americans. He likens the use of this term to such terms as â€Å"nigger†, â€Å"gook†, â€Å"kike†, and â€Å"wop†, and expresses how â€Å"ridiculous† it is to hear the fans doing the â€Å"tomahawk chop†. This is modern day stereotyping in a negative way and it should be stopped. Why do large corporations have the right to offend and stereotype? This should be stopped. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to Racial and Ethnic Groups, by R. Schaefer, stereotypes are unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. The difference between prejudices and stereotypes is that prejudice is learned over time by people who influence a person as they are growing up and books, movies, Internet and tv also play a part in a person becoming prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about people which are generally accepted that are based on something previously accepted about them. Examplese of some stereotypes are: all women are bitches, or all Arabs are terrorists. Examples of prejudices are: being afraid if you are on the bus and see a mentally ill person get on the bus because you are afraid that they may become violient. Statistic show that mentally ill people are no more or less prone to violence than normal people, please see this link about mental illness and violence: http://depts. washington. edu/mhreport/facts_violence. php What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? Stereotyping and prejudice are not the same but can seem similar in a way, however the difference is important. There can be a stereotype about girls only like pink and boys only like to play with guns but a prejudice is when you are racist or have a â€Å"negative attitude toward an entire category of people† (R. Schaefer, 2012). What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Diversity training and awareness is a way to prevent prejudice from occurring in the workplace. Education about diversity is a way to prevent it at schools. Much studying has been done about the prevention of prejudice but unfortunately if the training and/or education is not followed up with practice and further education and training it can lead to people going back to their old habits. This means that we must be diligent about fighing prejudice in our society, in our homes, at work, and in our schools. www. wikipedia. org Religious fanaticism http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religious_fanaticism Main Street Plaza www. latterdaymainstreet. com A Community for Anyone Interested in Mormonism. Religious Stereotypes Venn Diagram According To Google: Expanded Mormon Edition www. religious-stereotypes-venn-diagram-according-to-google-expanded-mormon-edition Cracked. com 5 Gender Stereotypes That Used To Be the Exact Opposite By: J. F. Sargent April 24, 2012. http://www. cracked. com/article_19780_5-gender-stereotypes-that-used-to-be-exact-opposite. html#ixzz2KNtJBSML www. discoveryfit&health. com 10 Stereotypes About Aging (That Just Aren’t True) by Tom Scheve and Christine Venzon http://health. howstuffworks. com/wellness/aging/aging-process/5-stereotypes-about-aging6. htm Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Italian Vowels - Pronunciation Examples

Italian Vowels s Italian vowels ( le vocali a i u e o The approximate English equivalents are as follows: a is like a in the English word ah! Italian / Englishcasa  Ã‚  houseantipasto  Ã‚  appetizerama  Ã‚  lovesbanana  Ã‚  bananasala  Ã‚  hallPapa  Ã‚  Popefama  Ã‚  famepasta  Ã‚  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Italian / Englishe  Ã‚  andbeve  Ã‚  drinksme  Ã‚  mefede  Ã‚  faithvede  Ã‚  seesmele  Ã‚  applessete  Ã‚  thirstpepe  Ã‚  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Italian / Englishà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  islento  Ã‚  slowbene  Ã‚  wellfesta  Ã‚  party; holidaysedia  Ã‚  chairpresto  Ã‚  soonvento  Ã‚  windtà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Italian / Englishlibri  Ã‚  booksbimbi  Ã‚  childrenvini  Ã‚  winesviolini  Ã‚  violinstini  Ã‚  vatspini  Ã‚  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Italian / Englisho  Ã‚  ordono  Ã‚  giftnome  Ã‚  namesolo  Ã‚  aloneposto  Ã‚  placetondo  Ã‚  roundvolo  Ã‚  flightmondo  Ã‚  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Italian / Englishmoda  Ã‚  fashiontoga  Ã‚  togano  Ã‚  nooro  Ã‚  goldposta  Ã‚  mailbrodo  Ã‚  brothcosa  Ã‚  thingtrono  Ã‚  thronerosa  Ã‚  roseolio  Ã‚  oil u is like u in rule. Italian / Englishluna  Ã‚  moonfungo  Ã‚  mushroomuno  Ã‚  onelungo  Ã‚  longfuga  Ã‚  fuguemulo  Ã‚  muleuso  Ã‚  usetubo  Ã‚  tube

Gender Selection essays

Gender Selection essays For centuries there had been one sex that dominated the development of society. Laws, religion and lifestyle all revolved around the idea that one sex, the male sex, was dominant. Oppressed and considered inferior, women would obey the men, forgo all rights and accept all responsibility. Only recently, with the emergence of the womens liberation movement, have both sexes been considered equal. For the first time in human history, both sexes have been given the chance to fulfill their potentials without discrimination. Parents, despite preferences of having a girl, or a boy, have known that regardless, their child would have an equal opportunity at life. The cutting edge technology, however, means that all this could change. The ability of parents to actually select the gender of their child could have not only devastating effects on society, but on the lives of so many children and parents. Whether parents had a girl or a boy has always been left up to nature to decide. To date, no-one has dared interfere with the genetic workings of the body, mainly because the technology did not exist to do it. Now, with the dawn of the twenty- first century, that technology has arrived and mankind is faced with a very important decision: whether or not to play God and manipulate the gender of their child to suit their preferences. The romance of having the perfect nuclear family, with two boys and two girls fills the heads of young couples everywhere, and when given the opportunity, many are likely to accept and genetically alter their offspring so that they do indeed have two girls and two boys. The consequences are largely unknown, and could be dire. Technology can alter the sex. What altering the genetic makeup of a human being does to that human being is untested, and highly dangerous. New diseases could emerge, capable of wiping out the human population. The gender modifying co uld alter another aspect of that pe ...

Business Case for Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Case for Investment - Research Paper Example mme contribute in the investment, what things are done in order the projects can fit with future and current capabilities, the funds and resources needed and the delivery of the benefits acquired. Business case development should be in possession of a sponsor of the business and later all the stakeholders should be involved in documenting and creating a business result of an investment that is complete. Curley (2004) asserts that the business case should illustrate how business results are measured and the initiatives needed in achieving a good result. The initiatives are either any changes of the nature of the business enterprise, processes in the business, and skills of the people, technology involved and competencies. The business case identifies how these initiatives contribute in the business. Risks are needed to be spotted and documented. The sponsor of the business is the one who will make a decision on whether to go on with an IT-facilitated investment. He also verifies if the business case is viable to be evaluated on the portfolio stage. Distinguishing between the processes needed to be followed when getting on IT-facilitated investment is important. The investment category, size of the investment and the position of the investment in the financially viable life sequence are factors that establish business case parts that need more attention (Curley, 2004). In an IT-facilitated investment, the business case considers the resources needed to be developed, a technology service to support the investment, business and operational capability and the values of the stakeholder. The business case is usually developed from top to down. In creating a business case, a clear recognition of the outcomes desired in a business should be the one starting. When the investment is endorsed, delivery of the capabilities needed and the outcomes should be monitored and managed in the investment’s life sequence (Ross, 2001). The components in the business case are

Learning to walk in the Customer's Shoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Learning to walk in the Customer's Shoes - Essay Example During the technology boom years of the 1990s, TI became a product- and technology-centric organization taking advantage of the demand of the times. However, when the technology bubble burst with the change in market demands, TI’s technology-centric business had to drastically reengineer itself into a customer-centric one to be able to effectively compete for new business. This necessitated a re-orientation of the entire TI organization, which was effectively accomplished by BTS USA, a global supplier of computer-based simulations for learning. Human resource development is involved in three main areas: individual, occupational, and organizational development. Development of the individual addresses skill and career development. Occupational and group development addresses the integration of cross-functional individuals through a team building program, or for informing and training employees about new products and services. Organizational development involves the introduction of a new culture or ways of operating, such as introduction of a customer care program or quality management which requires the involvement of all individuals or groups in the organization (Wilson, 2005, pp. 15-16). In order to effect the change from technology- to customer-centric, TI had to conduct training on all three areas. The approach it took of first training its executives is the right approach. Senior management must lead the way in organizational change by providing both the leadership and commitment of the necessary resources. Documented b est practices show that senior management must make the organization’s objectives as their personal objectives and must be able to measure their own achievements, they must fully understand the process that the organization has to go through, and they must provide necessary support, empowerment and authority down the line (Cooper & Edgett, 2003). Had TI decided to train its front-line

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting Research Paper

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting - Research Paper Example â€Å"If one compares the literature on various types of child maltreatment, it will become obvious that there is a dearth of information on the concept of child neglect, despite the fact that a large number of children are neglected each year† (Tower, 2002).   Some people are mistaken and do not really think about how children interacting with strangers could be a continuation or extension of abuse from their parents, rather than a sign of risk for the child.   But in this situation of the case, it is the daycare worker who may be guilty of child abuse. The ethics are complicated in this case, though because of the concept of client confidentiality and what it means to healthcare workers.   Confidentiality raises issues between the ethical and legal implications of a relationship between a client and a practitioner as well as between other groups within the nursing, health care, and other environments of interest in terms of the client and engagement and the client-worker relationship, in which ethics should take precedence in cases in which a client is not a threat to anyone.   It remains difficult to maintain confidentiality at times, and attention must be paid to the fact that people should disclose this information later even if the conditions do not seem to be ones that will adversely affect the client. Although privacy and confidentiality are not exactly the same thing, this report must state that information shared to help resolve the issues faced by the client is productive and does not fall under the auspices of confid entiality, because it is a natural sort of dialogue between professionals who are in a helping relationship with the client.   There is the fine line to be drawn in certain situations of client/practitioner confidentiality as well as confidentiality between practitioners and confidentiality in cases like this, which involve possible child abuse.   In some cases, the client has a right to confidentiality, but it may be less important to the client and working relationship that she/he has than the rights of others whom the client may harm.  

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Introduction            Antisocial (dissocial) personality disorder is a person-oriented disorder which is majorly characterized by a universal pattern of violating other people’s rights.            It is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of altering, exploiting, or violating the rights of others (Franz, 1993, p.4).            It is said to begin in childhood or early adolescence and continues all the way into the adulthood stage. A person suffering from antisocial personality disorder can be identified after noting a gross disparity between the person’s behavior and the prevailing social norms.            Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder:            Persistent attitude of irresponsibility and failure to regard the social norms, policies and duties. Marked readiness to blame other people for the behavior that is responsible for the person being into conflict with the society. Extremely low level of tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, with violence included. Conspicuous lack of concerns for the feelings of other people in the society. Lack of adequate capacity to gain positively from experience, more specific punishment.            Generally, the treatment and diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be viewed from several different perspectives; depending on the major factor associated with the disorder.            Despite the fact that, conduct disorder is different from antisocial personality disorder, the presence of conduct disorder in either the childhood or the adolescence stage may in one way support the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is majorly based on behavioral patterns and personality traits of the person (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.61).            The diagnosis is somehow faced with a critically complex situation that inhibits its success; it is very difficult to obtain a reliable measure of personality traits. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be effective after a few conditions have been met; the person must be at least 18 years old before the diagnosis. There should also be evidence of conduct disorder in the person as a child, whether or not it was ever formally diagnosed by a professional. In the general population, antisocial personality disorder is found to be more prevalent in males than in female with a ratio of 3:1, thus careful investigation should be made to the male population as it is more vulnerable to the disorder. Similar to most personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder will generally decrease in intensity with age; with the people in the 40s and 50s experiencing few of the most extreme symptoms of the disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorde r is specifically done by a trained mental health professional, for instance, a psychologist or psychiatrist. This type of psychological diagnosis is beyond the level that can be addressed by family physicians and general practitioners due to inadequate skills to perform the operation. There are no; genetic, laboratory, or blood tests that are used in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorders. Most of the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder, generally, do not often seek out treatment until the disorder significantly starts to interfere or in other words impact a person’s life. This in most cases happens when the coping resources of a person are stretched too thin to take care of stress and other life events. In the diagnosis process, the mental health professional compares the person’s symptoms and life history with the majorly known symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. The conclusion from the comparison will make a determination of whether your symptoms meet the criteria necessary for an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis.            The major causes of antisocial personality disorder are most likely due to biological and genetic factors, social factors (for instance, how a person interacts in his or her early development with family and friends and also other children), and psychological factors (the individual’s personality and temperament, modified by their environment and acquired coping skills to cope up with stress. If a person is suffering from antisocial personality disorder, from analytical researches, there is a slightly high chance of â€Å"passing down† the disorder to his or her siblings (Barron Frank, 1963, p.87). Psychotherapy            The treatment of antisocial personality disorder majorly involves the employment of long-term psychotherapy with a therapist equipped with enough experience in the field of this disorder.            The population that is suffering from antisocial personality disorder experiences a state of lacking connections between feelings and behaviors. The practice of helping the subject population on how to draw the lines between feelings and behaviors is of great benefit to the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder. In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, threats are never an appropriate motivating method; by threatening to report their noncompliance with therapy to the courts or warden. However, it is appropriate to put more efforts to assist the people suffering from this disorder find better reasons that may be needed to work on this problem; for instance, submitting themselves to additional psychological examinations. The effective psychotherapy treatment for antisocial personality disorder is limited. Psychoanalytic approaches that reinforce appropriate behaviors and trying to make connections between the person’s actions and fe elings may be of greater assistance.            Emotions usually form a key element of treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Patients often have had little or no significant emotionally-rewarding relationships in their lives.            In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, a very close therapeutic relationship can only occur when a good and solid rapport has been established with the client and he or she can trust the therapist implicitly.            The issue of confidentiality is highly preserved in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Since the clinician has to occasionally report on the patient’s progress in therapy, this should be done in a way that does not reveal the significant details of the therapy. The limitations of therapy should be discussed with the patient up-front, in a clear manner, to avoid later misunderstanding. The patient’s emotions form the basic platform of consideration from which various emotional states, like depression, are experienced. This calls for the clinician to be supportive and empathetic to the patient during this time (Gazzaniga, Heatherton, 2006, p.38).            Dealing with â€Å"safe issues† and discussing more real-life concerns, (one way of treating this disorder), is rather less effective in long term behavioral change as compared with an approach emphasizing the discovery and labeling of appropriate emotional states. The therapist should usually take a neutral stance in the matter of interacting with the authority figures. Often people suffering from antisocial disorder find themselves in a group setting, simply because they are not given any choices of treatment. This inhibits treatment, since in most of the groups the individual can remain emotionally-closed and has little reason to share with others. Family therapy is of great assistance in boosting education and understanding amongst the family members (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.84).            Philip W. Long, M.D. adds, †This confusion, guilt, the temptation to make restitution for the patient’s criminal acts, and the frustrations of working with someone who is seen to be quite ill but who will not be treated should all be discussed openly with family members.† Hospitalization            Antisocial personality disorder can also be treated through hospitalization even though, inpatient care is rarely appropriate. With this type of disorder, loss of freedom is one of the major characteristics and it may be more of a motivating factor than in other personality disorders; thus some specialized treatment facilities have commenced to treat people suffering from this disorder. This method utilizes a strict behavioral approach of placing patients on a token economy mainly considering their treatment progress. Little research has been conducted to confirm the long-term effectiveness of this method. As with other treatments of personality disorders, this method focuses on feelings and connecting antisocial behavior to appropriate feeling states. Since inpatient programs are found to be intensive and expensive, the treatment gains are maintained by the community follow up and support, either by the hospital or professionals, or with the use of self-help suppo rt groups. Medication; no research has suggested the effectiveness of medication in the treatment of this disorder.            Medication should only be used to treat clear, acute and serious Axis concurrent diagnoses (Kirk, 2005, p.101). Self-help strategies            Another method for the treatment of antisocial personality disorder is self-help strategies.            This method involves very few professionals hence it is often overlooked by the medical profession. Groups tailored specifically for antisocial personality disorder can facilitate the implementation of this method especially for the people with this disorder.            Individuals suffering from this disorder feel more at ease to discuss their feelings and behaviors in front of their peers in this type of supportive modality. Usually a group is of great help and beneficial to most people suffering from this disorder, only when they overcome their initial fears and hesitation to join such a group. There are several support groups existing in different parts of the world to help those who are affected by this disorder and share common experience and feelings. In a general field of view, antisocial personality disorder can be best managed if the affected are in a good rank to interact amongst them bravely (Barron Frank, 1963, p.98). Outpatient Therapy            Outpatient therapy is another method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder even though it is found not to be very successful in the treatment.            This method is commonly executed with the children with the following specifications:-Have experienced serious injuries with them, are undergoing learning difficulties, arte experiencing some problems in the execution of their daily living obligations, have chronic as well as acute conditions that in one way or another inhibit their development (Zarit, 1980, p.76).            The treatment of antisocial personality disorders by the method of outpatient therapy involves a team of specialists conducts the exercise of evaluating each and every affected child after which a personalized treatment plan is formulated. The formulated team may comprise of highly skilled personnel such as; Language pathologists; whose main task is to evaluate the children’s communication with the world. Occupational therapists, who evaluate self care skills in the children with several types of diagnoses, and various levels of disabilities. Recreational therapists, whose main duty is to enhance and encourage high level of functional independence, leisure activities, and recreation via various techniques such as; group recreation and field trips, adaptive equipment specialists, who work in conjunction with the other therapists to establish a better way to assist the children in achieving their set of realistic goals. This is majorly achieved via the exercis e of designing and fabricating special equipment or improving the status of existing equipment. Physical therapists also form a major component of the formulated team since they aim at enhancing the children’s flexibility and mobility via play and exercise (Mann, 1989, p.56). Schema Therapy            In addition to the so far discussed methods of treating antisocial personality disorder, schema therapy is another effective method to serve the same purpose.            Schema therapy is an integrative approach to treatment that unites the best aspects of cognitive behavioral, interpersonal and psychoanalytic therapies into a single compact model.            It is best remarked to help people to change negative patterns with which they have long-lived.            The deeper patterns that are mainly targeted by this method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder are enduring and self-defeating schemas which are said to begin early in life.            These patterns majorly comprise of dysfunctional thoughts and feelings; which pose obstacles for accomplishing one’s target goals as well as satisfying one’s needs. These patterns are worsened by enduring in most of the schema beliefs which in turn lead to enhancement of the antisocial personality disorder. This method (schema therapy) of treatment aims at assisting the affected person to disintegrate these negative schemas of thinking, behaving and feeling; (which are known to be very tenacious), to develop healthier alternatives to substitute them (Wade, Tavris, 2000, p.49). Stages of schema therapy            Firstly, the assessment phase; in this stage, schemas are identified during the initial sessions. Questionnaires can also be used to get a clear picture of the constituent schemas involved.            Secondly, the emotional awareness and experiential phase; in this stage, patients get in touch with the respective schemas and acquire some knowledge on how to deal with the schemas when they are carrying out their obligations in their day-to-day life (Vreeswijk, Broersen, 2012, p.128).            Thirdly and lastly, the behavioral change stage; this is the focus stage during which the affected person is actively involved in substituting negative, behaviors and habitual thoughts with new and healthy behavioral patterns.            On a broad base, the goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core emotional needs met. This is achieved by learning how to carry out the following practices:-            Heal schemas and vulnerable modes by having the needs met in and outside of the therapeutic relationship. Establish healthy behavioral patterns and modes. Abandon the usage of maladaptive coping styles and modes that pose an obstacle to contact with feelings. Adopt reasonable limits for angry, overcompensating or impulsive behavioral patterns and modes.            In schema therapy, an imagery dialogue between the â€Å"schema side† and the â€Å"healthy side†.            Schema therapy interventions are more experiential as well as emotion focused.            They can also be behavioral. Limited Re-parenting is one of the most distinctive and central areas in schema therapy.            According to Myers, 2004, p39, it is known to be the heart of treatment in schema therapy. Research has been conducted and it is clearly evident from the outcomes that; a relatively large percentage of those affected by this personality disorder can achieve full recovery across the complete range of symptoms.            The patients engaged in these studies attributed a great concern of the effectiveness of the treatment and the relatively low dropout rate to limited re-parenting. Limited re-parenting comprises of the establishment of a secure attachment via the therapist. A broadly conducted research supports that secure attachment is at the root of adaptive functioning, well-being as well as flourishing. Most of the maladaptive schemas are found to mainly relate to the state of generally unmet needs in the childhood as well as lack of appropriate relationships (Barlow, David 2001, p.28).            They are generally considered as a pattern of established unstable behaviors to the daily life situations. Maladaptive schemas can as well be bodily sensations associated with traumas.            They have an overall negative result, that is; a person may view him or herself in collaboration with difficulties thus establishing one’s true identity. The antisocial behaviors may also comprise of schema modes; which are found to be emotional states as well as ways of coping which every person must experience in one moment or another. Conducted researches have outcome that; those people who are suffering from antisocial personality disorders in most cases tend to be hypersensitive and may be greatly affected by a simple image or a word of offense (Gelfer, 1996, p.59).            This calls for a special and soft procedure to be developed so as to sort out the issue of antisocial disorders in a non-harassing manner thus more effective methods were adopted to deal with the antisocial disorders. The focus of limited re-parenting extends over a broad range of needs such as early connection, sufficient limits and autonomy. The schema therapy group of treatment resulted in significant reductions in the disorder’s symptoms and global improvement in functioning. A collaborative randomly controlled trial with 14 sites in six countries is further in progress to explore the productive interaction between groups and schema therapy.            Schema therapy is generally cost effective and is much more accurate as far as treatment of antisocial personality disorder is concerned. To conclude, the ultimate goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core needs met. Multisystem Therapy            Furthermore, antisocial personality disorder can be treated using a method called Multisystem Therapy (MST); which is one of the most successful methods for the treatment.            This is an intensive, family-focused and community-based treatment technique for chronic as well as violent youth. This method is goal oriented with its objective being; to help caregivers manage and nurture their challenging adolescents in a much better manner (.Andrews, 1961, p.38).            Juvenile justice is one of the major forms of multisystem therapy; it deals with the problems of adolescents who have significant histories of committing crime. There are other systems whose task is to sort out the situations in other serious behavioral issues; for instance, drug abuse, abuse and neglect, as well as psychiatric disorders. The target goal for this method of treatment is to drastically reduce the antisocial behaviors as well as criminal activity amongst the youth. This is achieved at a relatively lower cost by reducing the rates of incarceration. Multisystem therapy empowers both the youth and the parents with the required skills as well as resources to facilitate independency and establish a way to deal with the complex environment as well as social problems. The method of multisystem therapy was specifically innovated to deal with adolescents’ antisocial behaviors. It typically aims at chronic as well as substance-abusing juvenile offenders aged between 12 and 17 years. This bracket of population is much more vulnerable to out-of-home placement.            Unlike other several methods of treatment where the affected person sees a therapist at a clinic; in multisystem therapy, the therapists go to the subject’s home and community (Levine, Gallogly, 1985, p.39).            This clearly explains why this method is preferred in the treatment to other methods (it has direct exposure to the environment of the affected person hence effective decisions can be made to address the problem. In the process of designing a treatment plan, the multisystem therapists collaborate with parents, caregivers and family members. The plan builds on the strengths of in the family members’ lives; which creates success environment during and after treatment.            Generally, the major obligations of multisystem therapy include:- Enhance family relations, Assist the affected person develop a vocation, Expose the youth to friends who deviate from the antisocial behaviors, Create a support network which in turn assist the caregivers maintain the changes, and advance on the caregivers’ parenting skills.            Conducted research has shown that, multisystem therapy is more effective as compared to other standard treatments. This has been supported by the follow-up studies made with the youth and families. This guarantees the long-term effectiveness of the multisystem therapy. This method of treating antisocial personality disorder has been found to be cost effective as noted from a broadly conducted research over a great extent of the world (.Paris, 1996, p.98). References Andrews, M. F. (1961). Creativity and psychological health;. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Barlow, David H.. (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: a step-by-step treatment manual. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, Print. Barron, Frank. (1963) Creativity and psychological health; origins of personal vitality and creative freedom.. New York: Van Nostrand, Print. Co-occurring conditions toolkit: mild traumatic brain injury and psychological health : concussion, posttraumatic stress, depression, chronic pain, headache, substance use disorder.. (2010). Washington, D.C.?: Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health Traumatic Brain Injury. Franz, M. (1993). Psychotherapy. Boston: Shambhala. Frownfelter, Donna L., and Elizabeth Dean. (2006). Cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy: evidence and practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier, Print. Gazzaniga, M.S., Heatherton, T.F. (2006). Psychological Science. New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc.[ Gelfer, M. P. (1996). Survey of communication disorders: a social and behavioral perspective. Gray, P. (1999). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Kirk, S. A. (2005). Mental disorders in the social environment: critical perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press. Levine, B., Gallogly, V. (1985). Group therapy with alcoholics: outpatient and inpatient approaches. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Mann, J. John.(1989). Models of depressive disorders: psychological, biological, and genetic perspectives. New York: Plenum Press, Print. Myers, D. G. (2004). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Paris, J. (1996). Social factors in the personality disorders: a biopsychosocial approach to etiology and treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vreeswijk, M. v., Broersen, J. (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, Research and Practice.. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Wade, C., Tavris, C. (2000). Psychology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zarit, Steven H.. (1980) Aging and mental disorders: psychological approaches to assessment and treatment. New York: Free Press, Print. http://www.div12.org/PsychologicalTreatments/disorders.htmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/updates/2013/mental-disorders-as-brain-disorders-thomas-insel-at-tedxcaltech.shtml Source document

Importance of Language in Speech Communication

Importance of Language in Speech Communication USING LANGUAGE Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of another profession. One can’t drive a nail with a screwdriver or turn a screw with a hammer. It is the same with public speaking. One must choose the right words for the job you want to do. Good speakers are aware of the meaning of words both their obvious and their subtle meanings. They also know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, appropriately, and inclusively. All words have two kinds of meanings-denotative and connotative. Denotative words are precise, literal and objective. They describe the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers. On the other hand connotative words suggest of imply. These kinds of words give words their intensity and emotional power. They arouse listeners’ feelings of anger, pity, love, fear, friendship, nostalgia, greed, guilt, and the like. Speakers like poets often use commutation to enrich their meaning. Language has to also be used accurately. Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to an accountant. Every word has shades of meaning that distinguish it from every other word. Language must also be used clearly. People are different. What makes perfect sense to someone else may be confusing to others. A speaker must never assume that what is perfectly clear to him is clear to his audience. Listeners, unlike readers, cannot turn to a dictionary or reread an author’s words to discover their meaning. A speaker’s meaning must be immediately comprehensible; it must be so clear that there is no chance of misunderstanding. One can ensure this by using familiar words, by choosing concrete words over abstract words, and by eliminating verbal clutter. One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using big, bloated words where short, sharp ones will do the job better. This is especially true when it comes to technical language that may be familiar to the speaker but not to the audience. Other than being accurate and clear a speaker must always choose concrete words for his speech. Concrete words refer to tangible objects such as people, places, and things. They differ from abstract word because abstract words refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes such as â€Å"carrot† â€Å"pencil† and many more. To be an effective speaker one must lawn to eliminate clutter. Clutter is discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea. Clutter forces listeners to hack through a tangle of words to discover the meaning. When one makes a speech, he must keep his language lawn and lively. It is important not to use several words where one or two would do. Flabby phrases need to be avoided. Let the ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, redundant adjectives and adverbs should be watched. One can also eliminate clutter by practicing ones speeches with a digital recorder. This will not only make one a better public speaker, but it will help them present ideas more effectively in meetings, conversations, and group discussions. A speaker must also be able to use his language vividly. Just as one can be accurate without being clear, so one can be both accurate and clear without being interesting. Although there are several ways to do this, two of the most important are imagery and rhythm. Imagery can be used by speakers to make their ideas come alive. Three ways to generate imagery are by using concrete words, simile, and metaphor. Concrete words are a key to effective imagery. They enhance clarity to the speeches and they also calls up mental impressions of sight, sound, touch, smell and taste. Another way to create imagery is through the use of simile. A simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Similes clarify and vitalize ideas. For example; fit as a fiddle, hungry as a bear and busy as a bee. Such clichà ©s are fine in everyday conversation, but one should avoid them in speechmaking. The metaphor also brings imagery in speeches. A metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. It is an excellent way to bring colour to speech, to make abstract ideas concrete, to clarify the unknown, and to express feeling and emotions. Rhythm is the second way of making a speech vivid. Language is a rhythm created by the choice and arrangement of words. Speakers, like poets, sometimes seek t exploit the rhythm of language to enhance the impact of their words. The impact of a passage can be heighted by how superb the delivery is; but even by themselves the words take on an emphatic rhythm that reinforces the message. The speaker should never emphasize sound and rhythm at the expense of meaning. The aim is to think about ways one can use the rhythm and flow of language to enhance the desired meaning. One can develop an ear for vocal rhythm by study and practice. One can easily begin by using four basic stylistic devices employed by fine speakers to improve rhythm of the speech. These stylistic devices are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Parallelism makes a sentence clear, consistent, compelling and have progression. Repetition is reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive causes or sentences. It usually results to parallelism. Not only does it build a strong Candace, it also unifies a sequence of ideas, emphasizes an idea by stating it more than one and helps create a strong emotional effect. Third is alliteration. This is the repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. By highlighting the sounds of words, alliteration catches the attention of listeners and can make ideas easier to remember. It can spruce up ones speeches, to be laughable and draw too much attention, so that listeners get more involved in listening for the next alliteration that in absorbing the content of the speech. Last is antithesis. This is the combination of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Antithesis has long been a favourite device of accomplished speakers, because it nearly always produces a neatly turned phrase. It is a fine way to give ones speeches a special touch of class. The fourth way speakers can be effective is by using language appropriately. Language is to be use appropriately based on 4 factors which are; occasion, audience, topic and speaker. Language that is appropriate for some occasion may not be appropriate for others. Appropriateness also depends on the audience. If this is kept in mind, it will help the speaker greatly when dealing with technical topics. His audience will know what he means. One should be careful to avoid language that might offend his audience. Speakers expected to elevate and polish their language when addressing an audience. Language should also be appropriate to the topic. One wouldn’t use metaphor, antithesis and alliteration when explaining how to change the tyre of a bicycle but rather use all three in a speech being given in honour of something or someone. The first topic calls for straightforward description and explanation or can evoke emotion, admiration and appreciation. Language must lastly be appropriate to the speaker. No matter what the occasion, audience, or topic, language should also be appropriate to the speaker. Every public speaker develops his or her own language style. To say the language should be appropriate to the speaker does not justify ignoring the need for appropriateness. There is a difference between one’s everyday styles and one’s developed style as a public speaker. Accomplished speakers have developed their speaking styles over many years of trial, error, and practice. They have worked at using language effectively. Regardless of the situation, audiences expect public speakers o use inclusive language that is respectful of the different groups that make up the society. Inclusive language is language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. As a speaker you must also be able to avoid inclusive language such as generic â€Å"he† to refer to both men and women. Avoid the use of â€Å"man† for both men and women. Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender and lastly use names that groups use to identify themselves. In conclusion a speaker must realize that language helps create the sense of reality by giving meaning to events. The words used to label an event determine to a great extent how we respond to it therefore every speaker must be careful and follow the rules of language to be effective in speech making and giving.

Stress In The Workplace :: Workplace Health and Safety

Stress by definition is; any circumstance that places special physical and/or psychological demands on a person such that an unusual or out-of-the-ordinary response occurs. No one is immune to job related stress, making its existence a serious problem for employers and employees alike. Stressful jobs span an organization’s ladder from the bottom rung to the very top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since starting with UPS, I have seen many symptoms of work related stress. The symptoms can range from a silent but all telling â€Å"glazed over† look, to extreme ranting and raving associated with the need to â€Å"just vent†. These symptoms seem to affect employees at all levels of my department, including my immediate peers as well as my superiors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Under the right circumstances, mild, short-term stress can be a good thing. For example, stress can serve as a motivator when a deadline draws near and there is still much to do. But constant stress over the long run can and will lead to getting burned out in ones job. Extended periods of burnout can lead to emotional and physical exhaustion, lack of motivation, decreased productivity and generally just being unhappy and dissatisfied with ones job. When burnout does occurs not only does the employees suffer but so do others around them. Customers receive poor service, relationships with coworkers suffer, and job involvement decreases to the extent that complaints may be made. Acknowledging that job-related stress causes multiple problems for those who directly and indirectly experience the effects of stress, it should be recognized that money and time could be saved if individuals and companies attempted to prevent stress from disabling parts of the work force. As a company, UPS does offer some help in managing and reducing stress.

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disorder and is the main cause of dementia. The major clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease include gradual loss of memory and language. Other major symptoms and signs of this disease are psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities and disabilities in the routine or daily living activities.The etiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease include various factors. Biological Factors Even though the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is still not known fully, it is discovered to involve a complex mix of genetic as well as environmental factors.Among genetic and environmental factors, genetic factor is proved to be playing a major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The most important cause of Alzheimer’s disease is found to be the mutations in chromosomes 21, 14 and 1 which are spread or moved in a typical autosomal dominant mode. These mutations make p rotein overproduction in neuritic plaques, B amyloid. Even though the beginning of the familial form is often early, the nature and route of the disorder is found to be influenced by few environmental factors.But it is found out that familial form is responsible for only a negligible proportion of cases of Alzheimer’s disease (even less than five percent) (Cummings et al. , 1998b). Nearly fifty percent of the people who are having ancestors with Alzheimer’s disease are found to be getting this disorder once they enter their 80s and 90s (Mohs et al. , 1987). Few genotypes (the model of genetic inheritance in a person’s body) are found to give risk for the late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (which is very common).Taking an example, the ApoE-e4 allele on chromosome 19, that encourages the deposition of B amyloid, is proved to increase the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (Corder et al. , 1993). All other genes that are doubted to be responsible for the development of Alzheimer’s disorder are being studied (Kang et al. , 1997). Apart from this particular reason, there are various other biological risk factors that contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disorder Cummings et al. , 1998b).Cognitive capabilities and aging are among the biological factors. The manner in which these traits contribute to the increased risk is not still proved, however, it is proved in the medical field that the numerous neurobiologic changes that are associated with the normal aging of the brain of a person also contribute to the major risk factors of Alzheimer’s disorder. As people get into the later part of their life, this age related neurobiologic changes make then more liable for Alzheimer’s disorder.These neurobiologic changes include neuron and synaptic loss, lessened dendritic span, reduced size and density of neurons present in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, and poor cortical acetylcholine levels (Cummings et al. , 1998b). Based on these factors and the frequency and occurrence curve of this disorder, medical researchers have come to the conclusion that people are very much liable to Alzheimer’s disorder if their life span is extended (beyond the normal age) beyond eighties and nineties (up to 100 and 150). People above 90 years are highly susceptible to Alzheimer’s disorder.Among this, those who have Alzheimer’s history in their family are 90 % prone to this disorder. Protective Factors Apart from the biological factors there are various other factors that influence the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Various protective factors that are powerful enough to delay the commencement of Alzheimer’s disorder have been discovered. For example, Genetic endowment with the ApoE-e2 allele is capable of reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disorder (Duara et al. , 1996). The exact role and the original mechanism of action of ApoE-e2 allele, however, are not com pletely understood.Deep thinking, higher educational level and wisdom are also proved to be associated with the delay in the commencement of Alzheimer’s disease (Stern et al. , 1994; Callahan et al. , 1996a). Few medication and drugs are also found to be good for delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disorder. For example, medications, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Andersen et al. , 1995; McGeer et al. , 1996) and estrogen replacement therapy (Paganini-Hill & Henderson, 1994), are found to be effectively delaying the commencement of Alzheimer’s disease.Apart from this, Vitamin E and the drug selegiline (otherwise known as deprenyl) are also proved to holdup the crucial stages of the course of Alzheimer’s disorder, for example the nursing home placement, serious functional impairments or disorders as the disease progresses and lead to death (Sano et al. , 1997). According to Behl et al. , 1995, the course of action of the protective agents in a pe rson is not completely known; however, these agents are proved to check the toxic action of oxidative stress (through antioxidants like vitamin E or estrogen).These agents also counter the work of inflammatory mediators related to plaque formation (through anti-inflammatories) (Mark et al. , 1995). Histopathology The pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disorder is also proved to be associated with the histopathologic variations in Alzheimer’s disease. These histopathologic changes include neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal granulovacuolar degeneration, and B amyloid angiopathy (Cummings et al. , 1998b).Majority of the genetic and epigenetic risk factors are some or the other way linked with B amyloid. This has helped the medical researchers to conclude that the formation of B amyloid peptide is the most crucial pathological event or step in the course of spread of Alzheimer’s disorder in a person (Cummings et al. , 1998b; Hardy & Hi ggins, 1992). A successful intervention in the course of Alzheimer’s disease spreading may include get in the way of any of the numerous steps included in the slow progress of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenetic cascade.Few of the intervention modes include intervening to reduce B amyloid generation from the amyloid precursor protein, intervening to decrease the B amyloid aggregation as well as the generation of beta-pleated sheets, and intervening in the amyloid-related neurotoxicity process. Successful interference in these steps may help interrupt Alzheimer’s spread. Apart from this, few therapies can successfully block the neuronal cell death and can slow down the inflammatory response occurring in neurotic plaques.Therapies are also proved to inhibit the work of certain growth factors and hormones and also delay the replenishment of deficient neurotransmitters. As the complete obstruction of the processes within the B amyloid cascade may affect the usual cereb ral metabolic processes, successful interruptions may bring about partial interruptions (Cummings & Jeste, 1999). Studies about the molecular neuroscience of Alzheimer’s disease have researched several crucial aspects of pathophysiology and etiology.Researchers are working to thoroughly understand the entire processes and reasons behind cell death, neuronal degeneration and subsequent memory degradation. Medical world is expecting new revelations from these studies and are on the way to lay a new therapeutic path for eliminating Alzheimer’s disease from the world (National Institute on Aging, 1996). Medical world is expecting researchers to come out with the real physiological factor that makes a human body prone to Alzheimer’s syndrome. Role of AcetylcholineAcetylcholine is also suspected to play a part in encouraging Alzheimer’s disorder in a person. Loss or decrease of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine also is proved to be responsible for the pathogen esis of Alzheimer’s disease. Postmortem researches in Alzheimer’s disease infected people have explained the loss or reduction of basal forebrain and cortical cholinergic neurons and the exhaustion of choline acetyltransferase, which is the enzyme that carry out acetylcholine synthesis (Mesulam, 1996). Several post mortem reports have come out with the same reason.The scale of this central cholinergic deficit is associated with the severity of dementia that results in the ‘cholinergic’ hypotheses of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disorder (Mesulam, 1996). This hypothesis and the clinical researches have proved that Acetylcholine play a major role in Alzheimer’s disease. However, acetylcholine is not the only neurotransmitter that encourages the growth of Alzheimer’s disorder in a patient. Researchers are still working to find out the role of other substances in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer’s disorder.The researches relat ed to the pharmacological treatment of this syndrome are coming out with new results. It has been proved that a delay or break in the spread of Alzheimer’s disease is proved to reduce its prevalence in the body of a patient even by half (Breitner, 1991). In order to inhibit the spread of this syndrome in a person it is necessary to delay the onset of the disease to such an extent where mortality from other resources surpasses the frequency of the steps of the disease.So the most crucial step in inhibiting Alzheimer’s disease is the identification of the factors that stop the onset or slow down the progress of the disease in the patient. Working on these agents would help reduce the spread of the disease. References Aarts, P. , & Op den Velde W. (1996). Prior traumatization and the process of aging. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. 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S. , Jones, K. , Savage, C. R. , Berkman, L. , Seeman, T. , Blazer, D. , & Rowe, J. W. (1995). Predictors of cogniti ve change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 10, 578–589. Alexopoulos, G. S. (1997, November 6). Epidemiology, nosology and treatment of geriatric depression. Paper presented at Exploring Opportunities to Advance Mental Health Care for an Aging Population, meeting sponsored by the John A. Hartford Foundation, Rockville, MD.